tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42879904801522121302024-03-13T15:28:38.219+07:00Ahmad ApriyantoAhmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comBlogger120125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-71282128395052595172013-09-28T18:00:00.000+07:002013-09-28T17:49:50.936+07:00Summary on Numbers and Numeration System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Created by Ahmad Apriyanto, </span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px; text-align: right;">Iis Rosita, and </span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px; text-align: right;">Novi Handayani</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Natural number idea comes after human’s culture, a long time ago human use notches to mark weather exchange because at that time weather exchange was very useful to their life like hunting, farming and so on. Therefore, the idea of natural number was not invented by human but it comes from nature, nature have some pattern, then human realize that, after that to represent it they use tally marks or any other way to count, that was the idea of natural number. It also showed that the beginning step of mathematics was counting because at that time human using mathematics just for marks nature pattern or solve their own problems like time to hold religion ceremony, in other words they count it. Because of that, all of mathematical concept are relating to counting because counting is the basic of all mathematical concept. As Morris Klein said that counting exist in almost all branch of mathematics like probability, statistic, analysis, function, and topology.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Actually, different culture will develop different ways of counting. That happened because every culture has their own way of life, different need and different season and the important is they have their own problem to solve. For example, the dammara trib in Africa is trading tobacco stick for one sheep, that’s why they use only the multiplication of two like 2 sticks = 1 sheep. 4 sticks = 2 sheeps and so on. Every culture long time ago also use different symbol to count, for example Ishango use bone to count but Sumarian use stone to count.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Besides counting, there are also numeral systems. There are two kinds of numeral arrangements; additional (unary) and positional. Unary numeral system (sign-value notation) is the simplest numeral system because every natural number is represented by a corresponding number of symbols. For example, if the symbol <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>/ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is chosen, then the number 5 would be represented by /////. Moreover, the unary notation can be abbreviated by introducing different symbols for certain new values. For example, the symbol <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>/ stands for one, the symbol * stands for ten, and the symbol # stands for a hundred, then the number 231 would be represented as ##***/. The benefit of this numeral arrangement doesn’t exist directly in the present numeral system, but it really plays an important role in theoretical computer science, such as Elias Gama Coding which commonly used in data compression, expresses arbitrary-sized numbers by using unary to indicate the length of a binary numeral.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Another numeral arrangement is positional numeral system (place-value notation), in this system, each symbol (called digit) conveys two things; face value and place value. The face value is the inherent value of the symbol, meanwhile place value is the power of the base which is associated with the position that the digit occupies in the numeral. For example is number 4564 in base ten, the symbol 4 has the same face value but different place value; the first 4 in the left denotes four 1000s and the second 4 in the right<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> denotes four 1s. The benefit of this numeral system is more efficient compared with the unary system.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><span style="text-align: left;">There are some bases that used in ancient civilization and our present world as shown in the table below.</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Base</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Name of System</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">2</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Binary (dyadic)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">3</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Ternary</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">4</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Quaternary</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">5</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Quinary</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">6</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Senary</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">7</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Septanary</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">8</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Octal (octenary)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">9</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Nonanry</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">10</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Decimal (decadic, denary)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">11</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Undenary</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">12</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Duodecimal (duodenary)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">16</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Hexadecimal (hexadecadic)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">20</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Vigesimal (vicenary)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">60</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Sexagesimal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">There are some explanations about the reasons of choosing each number base. Babylonian constantly use of the number 60 as a base (known as Sexagesimal), which still exist in our division degrees, hours and minute, into sixty sub units. Babylonian were interested as they were in watching the stars, early came to believe that the circle of the year consist of 360 days. They knew that the side of regular in scribed hexagon is equal to the radius of the circle. This property suggesting the division of 360 into six equal parts and 60 being thus looked upon as a kind of mystic number, 60 was chosen because of its integral divisors 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 thus rendering work with its fractional parts very simple.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">For base 20 (known as Vigesimal), numeration system that was used in Mayan numeration, was the usual mode of counting in many ancient cultures because humans have 10 fingers and 10 toes on which to count. In Duodecimal numeration, the number twelve has set its mark on many aspects of our environment. For example, there are twelve months in a year, a clock dial shows twelve hours, twelve items to make a dozen, twelve dozen to make a gross, and a foot is twelve inches.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Another base used is base 2 which was investigated and set into a serious numerical system by the eminent German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, to whom is attributed this very unmathematic thesis of abstract theology: God, represented by numeral 1, created the Universe out of nothing, represented by 0. As the time goes, in computer practice, octal and hexadecimal numbers are often used to represent large binary numbers which may be difficult to handle because of their length. The usefulness of these forms of notation arises from the ease of conversion between the number systems, as both eight (2<sup>3</sup>) and sixteen (2<sup>4</sup>) are powers of 2, the base of the binary system.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">The numeral system used in our modern world is the base ten. By using the base ten, we can handle in symbolizing the very large numbers or the very small numbers (using scientific notation). For example, the diameter of the Milky Way, the galaxy in which our Earth is an insignificant speck of dust, is on the order of 100 trillion meters – a 1 followed by 20 zeros. Another example is the diameter of poliomyelitis virus is some 28 thousandths of a millionth part of a meter which is symbolized by 0.000 000 028 or 0.0<sub>7</sub>28 or 2.8 x 10<sup>-8</sup>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Numerical systems, major scripts, and calendric system are developing. There are some similarities on the development of numerical systems, major scripts, and calendrical system such as if an area has numerical systems, the area also has major scripts and also calendrical system; the number systems, major scripts, and the calendric system depend on the area and needs of the areas; and number systems, major scripts, and calendrical system have spread to another area which close with the founder area. Each numerical system, major script, and calendrical system is different from one to another, each of them has uniqueness. Now, most of the areas in the worlds use same numerical systems, major scripts, and calendrical system based on mutual agreements to make communication easier.</span></div>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-90527716330696713252013-09-28T17:49:00.000+07:002013-09-28T17:49:31.364+07:00Historical Sketch Report Form of Srinivasa Ramanujan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Created by Ahmad Apriyanto, Novi Handayani, Iis Rosita</b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/pics/srinivasa-ramanujan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/pics/srinivasa-ramanujan.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">picture source (click here)</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mathematician’s Name :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Srinivasa Ramanujan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shree–ni–VA–sa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>rah–MAH–nuh–jun</i>)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Date of Birth :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Desember 22<sup>nd</sup>,
1887</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Place of Birth :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Erode, India</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Date of Death :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> April 26<sup>th</sup>, 1920</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Place of Death :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> India</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three events in the
mathematician’s life – date also if known</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Often winning Mathematics contest since he was child.</span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">In
1904, he received a merit scholarship in a local college and became more
indulgent into mathematics. He lost his interest in all other subjects due to
which he lost his scholarship.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">Even
after two attempts, he did not succeed to get a first degree in the field of
arts.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">In 1909, he married </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Srimathi
Janaki </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">and
continued his clerical work and, side by side, his investigations of
mathematics.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Moreovere, there was someone who was supported
their life – </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramanchadra Rao. He was often use scrap wrapping paper from his office
to do calculations.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">n 1911, he published some
of his results.</span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">n
January 1913</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">he
sent his </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">paper</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">
to a Cambridge Professor named </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Godfrey Hardy</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">
but he did not appreciate Ramanujan’s work much as he had not really done
reached the standard of the mathematicians of the west. But </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Rahmanujan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"> was given a scholarship
in May by the University of Madras.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the same time, Hardy offered Rahmanujan scholarship – all expenses
paid – to study at Trinity College. After some reasons, he moved to England
and sent his wife and his mother to a nearby town. He had to take care of his
personal needs himself in England.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He had dilemma in choosing the offered scholarship from Hardy or the
scholarship of University of Madras because of his religion – Hindu, he was a
Brahmin caste.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">Ramanujan
went to Cambridge in 1914 and it helped him a lot but by that time his mind
worked on the patterns on which it had worked before and he seldom adopted
new ways</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. He and
Hardy collaborated on many articles and published in Europan journal.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">He
got elected as the fellow in 1918 at the Trinity College at Cambridge </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">&</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"> the Royal Society.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">After 3 years in England, he became sick – a
mysterious ill – and after 6 years in England he decided to go back to India.
A year after, he died because of the ilness.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three accomplishments in
mathematics</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">He</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">wa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">s
very well known for his efforts on continued fractions and series of
hypergeometry</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">When </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">he</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"> was thirteen, he could
work out Loney’s Trigonometry exercises without any help</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">At the of fourteen, he was
able to acquire the theorems of cosine and sine given by L. Euler.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In 1903,
he had a book – </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">Synopsis
of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics by George Shoobridge </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Carr – it
helped him </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">a
lot and opened new dimensions to him which helped him introduce about 6,165
theorems for himself.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rahmanujan and Hardy’s project was called partitioning. They found out
how many ways an integer can be expressed as the sum of others integers. For
example, the number 4 can be expressed as the sum of 1+3, 1+1+2, 1+1+1+1,
2+2, and 4 itself, for a total of 5 ways. Finally, they came out with the
formula of partitioning the large numbers.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discovering simple but accurate ways of approximating the value of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pi</i>. Archimedes and Newton made
significant progress on it, but high-speed computers could not calculate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pi</i> to the accuracy of million decimal
places without using Rahmanujan’s formula</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three facts of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interest your mathematicians</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He learned mathematics by himself without any guidance since he was
child and often won mathematics contest.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He was so confident since he was child and wanted to be famous someday.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He had a unique way of making complex problems simpler.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sources</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R.
Luetta & R. Wilbert. (1990). Mathematicians Are People, Too. USA: Dale
Seymour Publication</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 27; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.1pt;" valign="top" width="621"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.famousscientists.org/srinivasa-ramanujan/</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-50998471086427116152013-09-28T16:53:00.002+07:002013-09-28T17:05:15.297+07:00Historical Sketch Report Form of Sophie Germain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><b>Created by Ahmad Apriyanto, Novi Handayani, Iis Rosita</b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://todayinsci.com/G/Germain_Sophie/GermainSophie300px.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://todayinsci.com/G/Germain_Sophie/GermainSophie300px.jpg" width="238" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">picture source (<a href="http://todayinsci.com/G/Germain_Sophie/GermainSophie300px.jpg" target="_blank">click here</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mathematician’s Name :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sophie Germain (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">so–FEE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>zhair–MAN</i>)</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Date of Birth :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> April 1<sup>st</sup>,
1776</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Place of Birth :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> French</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Date of Death :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Juni 27<sup>th</sup>,
1831</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Place of Death :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> French</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The events in the mathematician’s
life – date also if known</span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When she was children, her parents didn’t allow her to learn
mathematics </span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She was very interested in Archimedes’ amazing invention</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When she was 18, she pretended to be a man with the name of Monsieour
LeBlanc to study because at that time woman didn’t allow to learn in college.
She liked become students of Lagrange</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sophie died because of breast cancer</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The accomplishments in mathematics</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1816 , she won grand prize from the french academy for her work on
the law of vibrating elastic surfaces</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">Germain
used this result to prove the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem for all odd
primes <i>p</i><100</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Germain made the Fermet’s theory become the
shopisticated one. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">Germain
proved that if x, y, and z are integers and if x</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"> + y</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"> = z</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"> then either x, y, or z
must be divisible by 5. Germain's theorem is a major step toward proving
Fermat's last theorem for the case where n equals 5" (Dalmedico 119).
Fermat's last theorem says that if x, y, z, and n are integers then x<sup>n</sup>
+ y<sup>n</sup> = z<sup>n</sup> cannot be solved for any n greater than 2.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three facts of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interest your mathematicians</span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She was woman mathematicians that still rarely at that time</span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She used man’s name to collect paper to Lagrange</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She got scholarship in college after Gauss and Lagrange open minded
thinking about woman’s mathematicians</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sources</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R.
Luetta & R. Wilbert. (1990). Mathematicians Are People, Too. USA: Dale
Seymour Publication</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swift,
A. (1995). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shopie Germanie. </i>Retrieved
on September 9<sup>th</sup> 2013 from
http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/germain.htm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-17411235460201180732013-07-08T00:53:00.000+07:002013-07-26T00:55:19.519+07:00PANJAT PINANG, PELECEHAN BAGI INDONESIA!!!!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Sebentar lagi, Indonesia akan merayakan hari jadinya yang ke-68.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Setiap tahunnya, permainan panjat pinang selalu ditunggu-tunggu pada perayaan hari kemerdekaan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Tahu kah kamu sejarah panjat pinang?</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Panjat pinang merupakan PELECEHAN bagi bangsa Indonesia.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Maka dari itu, STOP permainan panjat pinang mulai sekarang!!!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Lihat videonya di sini!!!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-87713305966252726372013-07-03T00:39:00.000+07:002013-07-26T00:41:39.063+07:00Keadilan Sosial Bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia, Katanya!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sebelum membahas konsep “keadilan sosial”, alangkah lebih
baiknya saya menjelaskan terlebih dahulu mengenai konsep “keadilan”. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Menurut
Safa’at</span><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"> (2008)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"> kata “keadilan” yang dalam bahasa Inggris
disebut “<i>justice</i>” berasal dari bahasa
latin, yaitu “<i>iustitia</i>”. <i>Justice</i></span><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">memiliki tiga makna, pertama secara atributif yang berarti
suatu kualitas yang adil atau fair, kedua sebagai tindakan yakni tindakan
menjalankan hukum atau tindakan menentukan hak dan ganjaran atau hukuman, dan
yang ketiga adalah sebagai orang atau pejabat publik yang berhak menentukan
persyaratan sebelum suatu perkara dibawa ke pengadilan.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Teori mengenai keadilan telah dijelaskan oleh beberapa ahli,
seperti Plato, Aristoteles, dan John Rawls. Dalam Safa’at (2008), Plato
memandang keadilan sebagai sesuatu hal yang berada di luar kemampuan manusia
biasa. Dalam praktiknya, keadilan yang dijelaskan oleh Plato adalah hubungan
antara seorang individu terhadap negaranya sendiri, dimana sang individu
berada. Kemudian, menurut Plato berdasarkan konsep keadilan dan praktiknya,
suatu negara haruslah dipimpin oleh seseorang yang luar biasa demi memenuhi
keadilan dari setiap individu rakyat dari negara yang dipimpinnya, dan seorang
pemimpin tersebut ia sebut sebagai “<i>The
King of Philosopher</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lebih luas lagi, menurut Aristoteles, keadilan tidak terpaku
pada hubungan antara individu dengan negaranya saja, melainkan terdapat
keadilan yang harus ditegakkan oleh sesama individu. Menurut Fanani, Aristoteles
dalam karyanya yang berjudul “<i>Nichomachean
Ethics</i>” memandang konsep keadilan sebagai suatu kesamaan. Namun,
Aristoteles membedakan konsep keadilan sebagai suatu kesamaan ke dalam dua
kategori yaitu keadilan numerik dan keadilan proporsional. Dalam keadilan
numerik, manusia dipandang sebagai sebuah satuan unit, yang bermakna bahwa
setiap individu dipandang sama derajatnya di mata hukum. Sedangkan, dalam
konsep keadilan proporsional, keadilan terhadap setiap manusia tidak lagi
dipandang sebagai keadilan yang harus sama dalam satuan unit, melainkan suatu
keadilan yang harus diberikan sesuai dengan hak, kemampuan, prestasi, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Konsep keadilan sebagai suatu kesamaan ternyata menjawab
kekeliruan tentang pemahaman terhadap konsep keadilan itu sendiri menurut
pandangan saya. Selama ini, saya mengonsepkan bahwa keadilan itu tidak harus
sama, melainkan relatif, tergantung situasi dan kondisi. Sebagai contoh adalah
ketika seorang Ibu memberikan uang saku kepada kedua anaknya dimana anak
pertama telah berada di jenjang Universitas, sedangkan anak kedua berada di
jenjang Sekolah Dasar (SD). Dalam pemberian uang saku, anak pertama mendapatkan
nominal angka yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan anak kedua karena kebutuhan
sebagai seorang mahasiswa akan lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan anak SD.
Menurut saya, hal yang demikian telah mencerminkan suatu keadilan, dan konsep
tersebut telah tertanam dalam benak dan jiwa saya, sehingga apabila ada seseorang
yang menyakatan bahwa keadilan adalah suatu kesamaan, dengan berani saya
menampik pendapat tersebut. Namun, setelah mengetahui teori keadilan menurut
Aristoteles, saya membuka fikiran bahwa keadilan bukan hanya seperti apa yang
saya konsepkan, melainkan itu hanya salah satu ranah keadilan yang dijelaskan
oleh Aristoteles, yaitu keadilan proporsional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sedikit berbeda dengan Plato dan Aristoteles, John Rawls
lebih berfokus pada keadilan sosial karena pada saat itu ia melihat fenomena
terjadinya ketidakadilan dalam situasi sosial antara individu denga negaranya. Menurut
Fanani, John Rawls dalam bukunya “<i>A
Theory of Justice</i>” menjelaskan teori keadilan sosial sebagai “<i>the difference principle</i>” dan “<i>the principle of fair equality of
opportunity</i>”. Dalam “<i>the difference
principle</i>”, terdapat konsep bahwa perbedaan sosial dan ekonomis harus diatur sedemikian rupa
sehingga memberikan manfaat paling besar bagi masyarakat yang kurang beruntung.
Sedangakan, “<i>the principle of fair
equality of opportunity</i>” menunjukkan kepada mayarakat yang paling kurang
mempunyai peluang untuk mencapai prospek kesejahteraan, pendapat, dan otoritas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Benang merah yang dapat saya tarik dari ketiga teori diatas
adalah bahwa suatu keadilan dan keadilan sosial bukanlah hal yang mudah untuk ditegakkan
karena keadilan dan keadilan sosial dapat tercipta apabila suatu negara
dipimpin oleh seorang yang luar biasa, sesuai dengan teori yang dikemukakan
oleh Plato. Kemudian, keadilan sosial tidak hanya mencakup urusan antar
individu, melainkan antara individu dengan negaranya sesuai dengan apa yang
telah dijelaskan oleh Aristoteles dan John Rawls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Namun, bagaimanakah praktik keadilan sosial yang ada di
Indonesia? Menurut saya, keadilan sosial di Indonesia masih belum tercapai
dengan baik karena masih banyak kasus-kasus mengenai ketidakadilan sosial yang
marak terjadi. Contoh kasus ketidakadilan sosial adalah kasus mengenai
pencurian kapuk atau kapas senilai Rp. 4.000,- yang dilakukan oleh empat orang
laki-laki di Batang, Jawa Tengah. Kemudian, terdapat pula kasus pencurian tiga
buah kakao atau cokelat yang dilakukan oleh Nenek Minah, juga kasus pencurian
semangka oleh dua orang laki-laki bernama Basar dan Kholik. Mereka memang
bersalah dan patut menerima hukuman sesuai peraturan yang berlaku. Namun, mari
kita bandingkan dengan beberapa kasus lain yang akan saya paparkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kasus-kasus lain adalah kasus korupsi yang dilakukan oleh
Gayus Tambunan dan Artalyta Suryani, juga kasus narkoba oleh terpidana mati
Rima Rita. Mereka semua telah mendapatkan hukuman yang sama, yakni dipenjara.
Namun, ketidakadilan sosial yang terjadi disini adalah mengenai sel atau
penjara tempat yang mereka huni. Bagi Gayus, Artalyta , dan Rima, penjara
merupakan tempat tinggal yang layak, bahkan lebih mewah dari hotel berbintang.
Entah mengapa hal tersebut dapat terjadi, padahal dalam kasus pencurian kapas,
kakao, dan semangka yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang miskin, penjara yang mereka
huni adalah penjara yang tidak seperti penjara yang dihuni oleh para narapidana
kasus korupsi dan narkoba yang telah dilengkapi dengan fasilitas-fasilitas
mewah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Perbandingan kasus lainnya adalah kasus tabrakan yang
dilakukan oleh Afriyani Susanti yang mengakibatkan delapan korban tewas
seketika dan lima korban luka-luka. Afriyani telah diproses secara hukum dan
divonis 15 tahun penjara. Di lain sisi, terdapat kasus tabrakan yang dilakukan
oleh anak Menteri Koordinator Perekonomian, Hatta Rajasa, yaitu M. Rasyid
Amirulloh Rajasa yang sekaligus besan presiden Republik Indonesia, Sushilo
Bambang Yudhoyono. Rasyid telah diproses secara hukum, namun sepertinya
terdapat banyak keringanan yang ia terima atas jeratan hukum yang seharusnya ia
dapatkan. Kedua kasus tersebut semakin memperkuat bahwa masih terjadi
ketidakadilan di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kasus-kasus diatas merupakan kasus yang seharusnya berkonsepkan
keadilan numerik yang memandang manusia sebagai satu satuan unit, namun dalam
praktiknya di Indonesia terlihat seperti berkonsepkan keadilan proporsional
seperti yang dijelaskan Aristoteles. Hal-hal seperti itulah yang masih marak
terjadi di Indonesia yang mencerminkan bahwa negara Indonesia masih belum dapat
menegakkan keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat di Indonesia. Kembali lagi,
mengulas teori yang disampaikan Plato, seorang pemimpin haruslah luar biasa
untuk menegakkan keadilan sosial di negara yang dipimpinnya. Lantas, dengan
keadaan ketidakadilan sosial yang ada di Indonesia, berhasilkah sang pemimpin
bangsa dalam mengakkan keadilan sosial? Sesuaikah dengan pancasila sila kelima
yang berbunyi “Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia” yang telah
menjadi landasan dan ideologi negara Indonesia? Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh
rakyat Indonesia, katanya!!!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sumber:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Fanani, A. Z. <i>Teori Keadilan dalam Perspektif Filsafat Hukum dan Islam</i>. Diakses
dari http://www.badilag.net/data/ARTIKEL/WACANA%20HUKUM%20ISLAM/TEORI%20KEADILAN%20PERSPEKTIF%20FILSAFAT%20HUKUM%20ISLAM.pdf
pada Selasa, 02-07-2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Safa’at, M. A. (2008). <i>Pemikiran Keadilan (Plato, Aristoteles, dan
John Rawls.)</i> Diakses dari http://safaat.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2013/03/keadilan.pdf
pada Selasa, 02-07-2013.</span><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Videoharian. (2012). <i>Kronologi
Kecelakaan Xenia Tabrak 9 Orang Tewas</i>. Diakses dari http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jyPu2rDKt0
pada Selasa, 02-07-2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-87638920812672020522013-06-24T00:19:00.000+07:002013-07-26T00:42:37.214+07:00Short Reflection of Microteaching Course<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Microteaching
is one of the good ways to improve someone’s ability to be an effective
teacher. I, as one of students who join this course, felt so lucky because of
the advantages that I got during this semester. Some advantages are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Designing
Lesson Plans<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As an effective teacher, the ability of planning and
managing time should be very good. In this class, I learned to plan and manage
30 minutes to perform a topic of mathematics. It really challenges my skill. It
was not easy because usually I design teaching and learning for 2 x 45 minutes
in School Experience Program, but now I have to design it only in 1 x 30
minutes, so there were so many consideration that I made; time, method of
teaching, and etc. After planning and designing the plans, my lesson plan was
commented by others. After that, I should revise it, so again and again my
skill of planning and managing was challenged.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Performing
Lessons<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Every student has chance to do microteaching once,
based on the lesson plan revised. I learned so many things here such as using
technology during my teaching, appreciating every student who participates in
the classroom, maximizing the use of the space in classroom, and many more.
Moreover, I learned to be consistent but flexible during the teaching based on
the lesson plan. Sometimes, the lesson that I design do not run well, so I
should think smart how to achieve the learning objectives by the situation that
happens.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Being
Assessor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When I was being assessor, I also learned so many
things from my friends’ teaching. Some of the lessons learned were like how to
grab students’ attention by showing our spirit as the teacher, how to make a
good presentation file, and etc. Talking about grabbing students’ attention is
not only using technology in our teaching. The thing I learned from my friends,
they use some “funny words” in the classroom agreement; that was good.
Moreover, being assessor makes me reflect on how I speak in front of my students.
I commented on my friend speaking, such as the intonation, clear instruction,
grammar, and many more. It makes me reflect on how I speak when I do the
microteaching.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">All
in all, those advantages will enhance my ability to be an effective teacher. My
suggestion for this course is for each teacher should have twice chance to do
microteaching, so that every teacher will make improvement in their second
teaching because once teaching never enough.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBUCEm8P_X_Hwhb2kUvhZXojhvjcwM_biWJe-y5Oc4P-h0h555IDphquUVAosXIWq1Y7ZsKcymKgpLM7KjOcfpGW4VvBj77P3tIKCMBvQ5kLqrkA6CpUzRxxktQ3BCpF1C5MotTwk50qs/s1600/Micro+Teaching+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBUCEm8P_X_Hwhb2kUvhZXojhvjcwM_biWJe-y5Oc4P-h0h555IDphquUVAosXIWq1Y7ZsKcymKgpLM7KjOcfpGW4VvBj77P3tIKCMBvQ5kLqrkA6CpUzRxxktQ3BCpF1C5MotTwk50qs/s1600/Micro+Teaching+2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-43587116487076447332013-05-31T23:42:00.000+07:002013-07-25T23:54:28.332+07:00Reflection of School Experience Program 2013<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://m.ak.fbcdn.net/sphotos-e.ak/hphotos-ak-frc3/379724_4987238601593_1187146041_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://m.ak.fbcdn.net/sphotos-e.ak/hphotos-ak-frc3/379724_4987238601593_1187146041_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">School
Experience Program (SEP) is a mandatory program which is held by Faculty of
Education Universitas Siswa Bangsa Internasional (USBI) for two weeks in the
school for every semester. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
objective of SEP for this semester was experiencing the individual teaching for
at least four times. This semester, I did my SEP in SMA Global Prestasi Bekasi
(GPS). I was assigned to teach in class 2B (as same as 10<sup>th</sup> grade)
by my master teacher, Ms. Asih. GPS had different curriculum with other schools
because this school had apply the SKS system, so GPS had a little differences
in presenting the sequence of the topics that should be learned by the
students, compared with other schools.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">My first
day of SEP was Monday, 13 May 2013. At that day, I only did consultation with my
master teacher about what topics that should I present to the class. She said
that all topics had been delivered to the students, so I don’t need to present
a new topic, but I only need to do review. Two weeks after that day (Monday, 27
May 2013), the school would hold Final Examination, so as long as those two
weeks the students need to do review for all topics that had been learned.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">There were five
topics that should I review to the students, which were Statistics and
Probability, Composition of Function and Inverse of Function, Linear
Programming, Matrices, and Sequence and Series. In other schools, those topics
would be learned in the 11<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> grade, but this
school set those topics to be learned by 10<sup>th</sup> grade because of SKS
system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Based on the
schedule provided, I only had four meetings to review those topics, so I set
the schedule as shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-top: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 402.8pt;" valign="top" width="537"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sequence
and Series<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 402.8pt;" valign="top" width="537"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Statistics
and Probability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-top: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 402.8pt;" valign="top" width="537"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Composition
of Function, Inverse of Function, and Linear Programming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 402.8pt;" valign="top" width="537"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Matrices<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From four
meetings, I think my best teaching was the third meeting, so I will explain it
in details. My 3</span></span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rd</sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> meeting was held on Tuesday, 21 May 2013 in the 3</span></span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rd</sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
and 4</span></span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">th</sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">period</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. The overview of my lesson plan is shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 2.25pt; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.45pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.05pt;" valign="top" width="337"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Activities<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Time<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-top: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.45pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Opening<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.05pt;" valign="top" width="337"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Explaining
the objectives and agenda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Games
“Find your Soul-Mate-Matika”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">2’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">5’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Core<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 253.05pt;" valign="top" width="337"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 16.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Exercise
and whole class discussion about Composition of Function and Inverse of
Function (</span><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">pair-work</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 16.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Working
on worksheet “Combining Inequalities” (</span><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">pair-work</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">) and whole class discussion using GeoGebra <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Exercise
and whole class discussion about Linear programming using GeoGebra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">38’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">20’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-top: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.45pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Closure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sum-up
and reinforcement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Post-test
(individual)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDE4D0; border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">4’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">10’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The strength of
my lesson plan was using game in the beginning of the class to motivate my
students which was called “Find your Soul-Mate-Matika”. The procedure of this
game was like this;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ave</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> a paper to
each student consists of a function and composition of function, and then </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I instructed</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> the students to find the match function of the
composition of function</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. For those students who got f(x) and (f o g)(x), then he/she should
find his/her soul-mate which got g(x) and the same function of (f o g)(x),
while for those students who got g(x) and (f o g)(x), then he/she should find
his/her soul-mate which got f(x) and the same function of (f o g)(x).
Similarly, for those students who got f(x) and (g o f)(x), then he/she should
find his/her soul-mate which got g(x) and the same function of (g o f)(x),
while for those students who got g(x) and (g o f)(x), then he/she should find
his/her soul-mate which got f(x) and the same function of (g o f)(x). This game
was part of the review of determining the composition function before they do
the exercises.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Another strength of my lesson plan was students’ activity for w</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">orking on worksheet “Combining Inequalities”
(pairwork) and using Geogebra for whole
class discussion. The aim of using worksheet in pair is to make them focus. If
the students work in group, they would be too much talk out of topic of
Mathematics, while if the students do worksheet individually, they would not
focus, so I set it pair-work. After that, I used Geogebra to discuss the
answers for giving them visualisation, so that they would be more focus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Thinking about
the weakness of my lesson plan, it was about setting the time. I set the time
too long in exercising the Composition of Function and Inverse of Function and
the discussion about it, it was about 38 minutes. Meanwhile, for exercising and
discussion about Linear Programming was about only 20 minutes, whereas Linear
programming topic was harder than Composition
of Function and Inverse of Function.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">During the
learning process, I found some parts when my students had difficulties. First,
when they did game "Find your Soul-Mate-Matika", they were difficult
to find their "soul-mate". The reason was because they have forgotten
to solve problem related to composition of functions. More over, students' notes
book had been collected to the master teacher, so they couldn't see any
examples. I also didn't gave example to them because I really wanted to know
whether they still remembered the material or not, and the fact said that they
had forgotten it. After the games, we discussed the material, so that they
could answer some problems when I gave them exercises.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The second was
when they worked on Worksheet "Combining Inequalities". They had
difficulty on sketching the graph of lines and determining the solution area of
inequalities (still because of the same reason - their notes book had been
collected). After that, I guided them to solve the worksheet by using GeoGebra.
The aim of using GeoGebra was to attract their attention (the use of software).
Actually, I still could discuss the worksheet without GeoGebra, but by using it
my explanation was clearer and more interesting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The next
activity was exercising about Linear Programming. In my lesson plan, I set 10
minutes for students to do the exercise and 10 minutes after it to do
discussion, but I thought that the students would not focus on doing the
exercise because they might be forgotten how to solve the problem about linear
Programming. My action was changing my plane; I didn't gave them time to solve
the problems, but I directly guide the discussion of it. I think if I let them
do the exercises, it was just wasting the time, so I chose to guide them
directly, so that they could re-call their memories about solving the problems
related to Linear Programming.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">After exercising
and discussing the problems, I gave them reinforcement of the lesson because
after that I scheduled a post-test. Unexpectedly, the time was just 5 minutes
remaining, and it was impossible if the students could do the post-test. I was
shocked why that thing could happen. After re-think, I guessed that it happened
because the time wasted when the students did game "Find your
Soul-Mate-Matika". Finally, I changed my plan again; the problems on the
post-test were changed to be homework that should be submitted on the next
meeting. That’s the only thing the surprised me at that day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">If I re-think
about my teaching at that day, I can say that my teaching reflects a good
teaching because even I could not have post-test, but I still could make it as
homework. The aim of the learning was to review the material, not to assess
their understanding, so I still can assess them just by changing the post-test
to be homework. Moreover, I could say that my teaching was good because I did
some plans (changing the plan), for example when I directly guided them to
discuss about Linear Programming, rather than wasting the time by letting them
try to solve the problem by </span><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">themselves</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">However, even I
thought my teaching was good, I would change my lesson plan, especially in timing.
I don’t wanna let my students do exercises and discussion of Composition of
Function and Inverse of Function for 38 minutes (it was too long), while the
time to do exercises and discussion of Linear Programming for 20 minutes (it
was too short). I prefer to reverse it, or to make them equal, 30 minutes for
each. Also, I would change the problem when they do game “Find your
Soul-Mate-Matika”, I will only give two kinds of paper; one kind of paper
consists of f(x) and (f o g)(x), otherwise consists of g(x) and (f o g)(x). For those students who got f(x) and (f o
g)(x), then he/she should find his/her soul-mate which got g(x) and the same
function of (f o g)(x), while for those students who got g(x) and (f o g)(x),
then he/she should find his/her soul-mate which got f(x) and the same function
of (f o g)(x), so that they would be easier to find the pair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Overall, I
learned something from my teaching at that time. I learned how to change my
plans. During my learning in college about designing lesson plan, I always
learn about having plan A, plan B, and plan C, but I never </span><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">practised</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> the changing
plan in my real teaching. Fortunately, I experienced it in my teaching at that
time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-68612621684380534512013-05-10T00:30:00.000+07:002013-07-26T00:31:08.823+07:00Seberapa Pancasila-kah, Saya?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://ikpmhtjogja.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/garuda-pancasila.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://ikpmhtjogja.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/garuda-pancasila.jpg" width="195" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">source: (<a href="http://ikpmhtjogja.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/garuda-pancasila.jpg" target="_blank">click here</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garuda Pancasila<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akulah pendukungmu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patriot proklamasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedia berkorban untukmu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pancasila dasar negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rakyat adil makmur sentosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pribadi bangsaku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayo maju maju, ayo maju maju, ayo maju
maju<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatkah Anda
dengan lagu di atas? Lagu yang berjudul “Garuda Pancasila” tersebut adalah
salah satu lagu wajib nasional yang diciptakan oleh Sudharnoto. Sedari kecil,
saya telah diperkenalkan dengan lagu tersebut, bahkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">saat itu saya belum
menjajaki dunia pendidikan formal. Mendengar kata “Pancasila” dan melagukannya
membuat saya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> menjadi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
penasaran akan apa itu Pancasila. Seiring berjalannya waktu, hingga akhirnya
saya dikenalkan dengan Pancasila oleh guru di </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ekolah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">asar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.
T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ernyata Pancasila adalah lima asas yang menjadi
dasar negara dimana saya dilahirkan dan dibesarkan, yakni</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> negara</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Indonesia.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari di masyarakat, keberadaan Pancasila semakin lama semakin memudar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Salah satu penyebab memudarnya Pancasila di kalangan
masyarakat adalah era globalisasi. Perkembangan zaman turut serta “merubah”
kualitas generasi muda sehingga perkembangan teknologi yang pesat dan
akulturasi antar negara mengakibatkan generasi muda mulai melupakan Pancasila.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Meskipun saya belum pernah terjun langsung ke lapangan guna menanyakan secara
langsung kepada masyarakat tentang Pancasila, namun beberapa tayangan televisi
dan rekaman video wawancara kepada masyarakat telah sedikit menggambarkan bahwa
banyak masyarakat yang tidak tahu tentang Pancasila. Sebagian besar dari mereka
mendadak lupa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">terhadap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
tiap-tiap sila Pancasila ataupun lupa dengan urutan dari Pancasila itu sendiri,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">baik dikalangan masyarakat umum ataupun dikalangan
kaum pelajar, sunggu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ironis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> sekali</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Menyadari akan hal
tersebut, saya berefleksi tentang sejauh mana saya memaknai Pancasila, seberapa
penting Pancasila dalam kehidupan saya, dan sejauh apa saya mengamalkan
nilai-nilai Pancasila</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal yang saya
ingat saat belajar tentang Pancasila di sekolah adalah mengenai Pancasila
sebagai ideologi negara. Menurut Purwanto dkk (2008), pengertian ideologi secara
etimologis adalah gagasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> atau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ilmu
yang mempelajari tentang gagasan. Gagasan yang dimaksud adalah gagasan yang
murni ada dan menjadi landasan atau pedoman dalam kehidupan masyarakat di
wilayah negara dimana mereka berada. Dengan berdasarkan pengertian tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pancasila yang sampai
saat ini kita jadikan pedoman dalam menjalani kehidupan di negara Indonesia
merupakan ideologi negara Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">sebuah literatur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, Wahyudi (2004)
menyatakan bahwa Pancasila sebagai ideologi merupakan kenyataan yang tak bisa
ditolak. Menolak Pancasila sebagai ideologi adalah hal yang tidak masuk akal.
Masih dalam literatur yang sama, Gauthier juga menyatakan bahwa ideologi
penting dan merupakan kenyataan yang tidak bisa ditolak karena dalam setiap
masyarakat selalu diharapkan tersedia keberadaan sebuah struktur bersama yang
terbentuk dari idea-idea. Memaknai Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara Indonesia
yang sangat penting, menjadikan saya patuh terhadap nilai-nilai yang dikandung
Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu,
memaknai Pancasila sebagai idologi negara juga menjadikan Pancasila sebagai
alat pemersatu bangsa. Sampai saat ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Pancasila masih dipandang cocok dalam mempersatukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Indonesia yang terdiri dari </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berbagai
suku, agama, ras, dan budaya yang terbentang dari Sabang hingga Merauke.
Pancasila merupakan tali pengikat dan pemersatu bangsa ini. Namun, semudah
itukah Pancasila menyatukan ba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">ng</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sa
Indonesia? Menurut Oentoro (2010), perlu disadari bahwa bangsa semajemuk
Indonesia hanya bisa tetap bersatu apabila semua komponen </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">negara Indonesia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> mau bersatu.
Tak mungkin mempertahankan persatuan bangsa dengan paksaan. Tetapi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> semua komponen hanya
akan mau bersatu apabila identitas mereka dihormati dalam Indonesia yang satu
itu. Orang tidak perlu melepaskan kekhasan agamanya, budayanya,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> kesukuannya untuk
menjadi orang Indonesia. Indonesia adalah Bhineka Tunggal Ika – berbeda-beda
tetapi tetap satu jua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
Pancasila dari perspektif “keberadaannya” dalam kehidupan sehari-hari sangatlah
penting, namun apabila ditinjau dari perspektif lain seperti “urutan” sila-sila
Pancasila, hal itu juga sangat penting. Singkatnya, urutan-urutan sila ke-1
sampai ke-5 merupakan suatu urutan yang sudah sangat dipikirkan dan
dipertimbangkan oleh para <i>founding
fathers</i>. Sebagai contoh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sila
ke-1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berbunyi “Ketuhanan
Yang Maha Esa”. Mengapa konsep “ketuhanan” ini dijadikan nomor 1? Asumsi saya
adalah karena Tuhan merupakan sumber dari segala su</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ber. Atas be</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">r</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kat rahmat dan
kasih-Nya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
kita semua diberikan kesempatan untuk hidup di dunia ini dan saling
berinteraksi dalam sebuah daerah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">
di bumi ini – Indonesia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Dengan demikian sangatlah tepat
untuk menempatkan konsep “Ketuhanan” sebagai sila ke-1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> diatas semua sila</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat kepada
sila-sila lain, terdapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">tanda tanya
besar dalam benak saya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang muncul seperti mengapa sila
“Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab” ditempatkan pada sila ke-2, sedangakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">sila </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Keadilan sosial bagi
seluruh rakyat Indonesia” ditempatkan pada sila ke-5? Bukankah bunyi sila ke-2
dan sila ke-5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> tersebut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
sama-sama berkonsep</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">kan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
“adil” ? Setelah membandingkan butir-butir Pancasila yang dikandung sila ke-2
dan sila ke-5, hal yang membedakan kedua sila tersebut adalah pada sila ke-2
berisi mengenai adil terhadap orang lain, sedangkan sila ke-5 adalah adil
terhadap diri sendiri. Dengan demikian, konsep adil terhadap orang lain lebih
diutamakan dan dijadikan sila ke-2 dibandingkan konsep adil terhadap diri
sendiri yang ditempatkan di sila ke-5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lalu bagaimana
dengan sila “Persatuan Indonesia” dan sila “Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh
Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan/Perwakila</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”? Mengapa sila-sila
tersebut lebih diposisikan sebagai sila ke-3 dan ke-4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> dibandingkan dengan sila ke-5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">?
Dengan alasan yang sama, bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">onsep
“persatuan” dan “kerakyatan” lebih diutamakan dibandingkan dengan konsep “adil”
terhadap diri sendiri. Singkatnya, Pancasila mengutamakan hak dan kepentingan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">bersama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dibandingkan dengan
hak dan kepentingan pribadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implementasi Pancasila dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari di masyarakat sangat penting dilakukan agar setiap individu dapat
berfikir dan bertindak sesuai dengan etika yang bersumber dari Pancasila </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">sebagai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ideologi negara
Indonesia. Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara juga bermakna bahwa tiap warga
negara dalam kehidupan sehari-hari menggunakan Pancasila sebagai pedoman dan
petunjuk hidup. Pemahaman implementasi Pancasila diharapkan dapat menciptakan
keharmonisan dan keserasian di lingkungan masyarakat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pedoman-pedoman
hidup dalam pengimplementasian Pancasila adalah butir-butir Pancasila yang
tercakup dalam kelima sila. Pada awalnya, Pancasila yang dilahirkan pada
tanggal 1 Juni 1945 dan disahkan sebagai dasar negara secara yuridis pada
tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 hanya terdiri dari 36 butir sesuai dengan Ketetapan MPR
no. II/MPR/1978 tentang Ekaprasetia Pancasila. Namun, ketetapan tersebut
dicabut oleh Ketetapan MP</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">R</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">o. I/MPR/2003 dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">perubahan menjadi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45
butir Pancasila yang tercakup dalam kelima sila.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Pembahasan mengenai butir-butir pancasila adalah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Pertama
adalah s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ila ke-1 yang berbunyi “Ketuhanan Yang
Maha Esa”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. Sila ini </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dilambangkan
dengan bintang berwarna kuning dengan latar belakang warna hitam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">terdiri dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 7 butir. Terdapat butir-butir yang
memiliki redaksi kalimat yang serupa seperti butir pertama dan kedua. Butir
pertama berbunyi “Bangsa Indonesia menyatakan kepercayaannya dan ketakwaannya
terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa,” sedangkan butir kedua berbunyi “Manusia
Indonesia percaya dan takwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, sesuai dengan agama
dan kepercayaannya masing-masing menurut dasar kemanusiaan yang adil dan
beradab.” Hal serupa terjadi pada butir ketiga dan keenam. Butir ketiga
berbunyi “Mengembangkan sikap hormat menghormati dan bekerjasama antara pemeluk
agama dengan penganut kepercayaan yang berbeda-beda terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha
Esa,” sedangkan butir keenam berbunyi “Mengembangkan sikap saling menghormati
kebebasan menjalankan ibadah sesuai dengan agama dan kepercayaannya masing-masing.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Kemiripan redaksi kalimat antar butir ini tentu saja
menjadi tanda tanya besar dalam benak saya mengenai hal apa yang
melatarbelakangi kemiripan tersebut. Apakah hal tersebut hanyalah “penggandaan”
yang dilakukan karena pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekaprasetia Pancasila</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> hanya terdapat 4 butir dan kini berubah menjadi 7
butir? Namun apa makna dibalik penggandaan tersebut? </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
ketujuh butir yang tercakup dalam sila ke-1, saya telah memenuhi dan
menjalankan semua butir. Di mulai dari memiliki kepercayaan dan ketakwaan
kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, saling menghormati antar pemeluk agama, membina
kerukunan, menghargai pemeluk agama lain saat beribadah, dan juga tak pernah
memaksakan orang lain untuk memeluk agama yang saya anut. Dengan demikian,
dapat saya simpulkan bahwa saya telah mememuhi atau mengamalkan butir-butir
Pancasila, sila ke-1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kemudian
s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ila ke-2 yang berbunyi “Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan
Beradab” dilambangkan dengan rantai berwarna kuning dengan latar belakang warna
merah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">terdiri dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 10 butir. Dari
kesepuluh butir tersebut, saya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">pernah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">memenuhi atau mengamalkan semua butir. Namun,
seringkali di suatu kondisi saya melanggar atau tidak mengamalkan butir-butir
tersebut. Sebagai contoh adalah butir ketiga yang berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan
sikap saling mencintai sesama manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">”
Seringkali saya mencintai sesama manusia, namun adakalanya ketika saya memiliki
masalah pribadi dengan seseorang, timbul rasa benci terhadap dirinya. Dengan
kata lain, saya telah kehilangan rasa mencintai sesama manusia, dan hal
tersebut berarti saya telah melanggar butir ketiga sila ke-2. Selain itu, butir
kedelapan yang berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berani membela
kebenaran dan keadilan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">” terkadang
sulit untuk dilakukan karena terbentur dengan posisi. Sebagai contoh ketika ada
pihak keluarga yang memiliki masalah dengan tetangga, terkadang sulit sekali
memposisikan diri sebagai pihak ketiga atau pihak netral. Seringkali saya
memposisikan diri sebagai pembela dari keluarga sendiri baik ketika keluarga
saya yang memang benar-benar tidak bersalah maupun ketika keluarga saya yang
memang benar-benar melakukan kesalahan. Dengan demikian dapat saya simpulkan
bahwa saya telah mengamalkan butir-butir sila ke-2, namun tidak sepenuhnya
terlaksana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Lalu
sila ke-tiga yang berbunyi “Persatuan Indonesia” dilambangkan dengan pohon beringin
berdaun hijau dan berkayu cokelat dengan latar belakang berwarna putih terdiri
dari 7 butir. Dari ketujuh butir tersebut, saya meiliki tanda tanya besar
tentang butir kedua. Butir kedua sila ke-3 yang berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nggup dan rela
berkorban untuk kepentingan negara dan bangsa apabila diperlukan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">” Dengan redaksi kalimat seperti itu, saya
mengasumsikan bahwa saya harus melakukan suatu kegiatan internasional yang
mengatas namakan Indonesia. Contohnya seperti mengikuti olimpiade matematika
tingkat internasional. Dengan menjadi atlet olimpiade, maka saya harus sanggup
dan rela berkorban untuk kepentingan negara Indonesia. Benarkah ilustrasi yang saya berikan? Selain
itu, saya juga memiliki tanda tanya besar pada butir kelima sila ke-3 yang
berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memelihara ketertiban dunia yang
berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi, dan keadilan sosial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">” Hal apakah yang harus saya lakukan untuk memelihara
ketertiban tersebut? Apakah dengan tidak mengikuti tawuran atau tidak mengikuti
peperangan telah mengindikasikan pengalaman terhadap butir ini? Dengan
demikian, dapat saya simpulkan bahwa saya telah mengamalkan butir-butir sila
ke-3, namun tidak sepenuhnya terlaksana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Selanjutnya
adalah sila ke-4 yang berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerakyatan yang
Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan/Perwakila</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">n.” Sila ini dilambangkan dengan kepala banteng
berwarna hitam bercorak putih dengan latar belakang berwarna merah dan terdiri
dari 10 butir. Dari kesepuluh butir tersebut, terdapat beberapa butir yang tidak
saya amalkan atau jalankan dengan baik. Butir kedua yang berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tidak boleh memaksakan
kehendak kepada orang lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">” adalah
butir yang paling sering saya langgar. Ketika saya mengenyam pendidikan di
Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) dan Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA), seringkali saya
ditunjuk sebagai ketua kelompok. Dalam diskusi penyelesaiaan tugas, seringkali
saya dan kelompok memiliki pandangan dan pendapat yang berbeda. Lalu, sebagai
ketu kelompok saya seringkali merasa bahwa pendapat saya jauh lebih masuk akal
dibanding pendapat anggota-anggota lain, sehingga saya sering memaksakan
kehendak saya agar dapat diterima dan dilaksanakan. Selanjutnya adalah butir
keenam sila ke-4 yang berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan
iktikad baik dan rasa tanggung jawab menerima dan melaksanakan hasil keputusan
musyawarah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">” Berhubungan dengan butir
tersebut, seringkali saya merasa beriktikad buruk apabila hasil keputusan
musyawarah tidak sejalan dengan ide atau pendapat pribadi. Saya dapat menerima
keputusan tersebut, namun tidak saya sambut dengan senang hati, tetapi sering
diiringi rasa kesal dan marah. Dengan demikian, dapat saya simpulkan bahwa saya
telah mengamalkan butir-butir sila ke-4, namun tidak sepenuhnya terlaksana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Terakhir
adalah sila ke-5 yang berbunyi “Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia”.
Sila ini dilambangkan dengan padi berwarna kuning dan kapas berwarna putih
berkelopak hijau dengan latar belakang warna putih dan terdiri dari 11 butir.
Dari kesebelas butir tersebut, saya memiliki tanda tanya besar untuk butir
kesebelas yang berbunyi “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suka melakukan kegiatan
dalam rangka mewujudkan kemajuan yang merata dan berkeadilan sosial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">” Kegiatan apakah yang harus saya lakukan
untukmewujudkan kemajuan yang merata dan berkeadilan sosial? Apakah dengan
menjadi voluntir mengajar di sekolah-sekolah non-formal termasuk dalam
mengamalkan butir kesebelas ini? Sebagai contoh adalah ketika saya mengajar di
Rumah Harapan (sebuah sekolah non-formal yang mengadakan kegiatan belajar
setiap Sabtu dan Minggu sore yang belokasi di Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur)
mengindikasikan bahwa saya telah berhasil mengamalkan butir Pancasila tersebut?
Lalu, bagaimana apabila saya sudah tidak lagi menjadi voluntir di sana? Apakah
hal tersebut berarti saya tidak memenuhi atau tidak mengamalkan butir tersebut?
Dengan demikian, dapat saya simpulkan bahwa saya telah mengamalkan butir-butir
sila ke-5, namun tidak sepenuhnya terlaksana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Dari keseluruhan butir-butir
Pancasila yang tercakup dalam lima sila, saya meyakinkan diri saya bahwa saya
sudah cukup melakukan atau mengamalkan nilai-nilai Pancasila. Saya telah
berpegang teguh atau berpedoman terhadap Pancasila dalam menjalani aktivitas di
kehidupan sehari-hari. Untuk lebih lanjut lagi, sebagai calon pendidik masa
depan, saya harus meningkatkan kualitas pengamalan nilai-nilai Pancasila agar
saya dapat menjadi contoh atau model bagi murid-murid saya nantinya. Juga,
sebagai warga negara Indonsia yang baik, saya harus benar-benar berpedoman pada
Pancasila dan mengamalkan nilai-nilai yang dikandungnya agar menjadi
bermasyarakat yang lebih baik sesuai dengan cita-cita para leluhur bangsa
Indonesia. Itulah ulasan saya mengenai “Seberapa Pancasila-kah Saya?” Bagaimana
dengan kehidupan Anda? Bagaimana Anda memaknai Pancasila? Seberapa pentingkah
Pancasila di kehidupan Anda? Bagaimana Anda menerapkan nilai-nilai Pancasila? Lalu,
seberapa Pancasila-kah Anda?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oentoro. B. J. (2010). <i>INDONESIA SATU, INDONESIA BEDA, INDONESIA
BISA: MEMBANGUN BHINEKA TUNGGAL IKA DI BUMI NUSANTARA.</i> Jakarta: PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Purwanto, dkk. (2008). <i>Etika Berwarga Negara. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan
di Perguruan Tinggi. Edisi ke-2</i>. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Diakses dari
http://books.google.co.id/books?id=mFhDVYWB7zIC&pg=PA22&dq=definisi+ideologi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P5uLUfu8JcnlrAfv_4GwBQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=definisi%20ideologi&f=false<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wahyudi. A. (2004). <i>Ideologi Pancasila: Doktrin yang Komprehensif atau Konseptual Politis?</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-28078391081758520242013-04-11T01:38:00.000+07:002013-04-11T17:04:07.674+07:00Percayakah Anda bahwa 1 = 2 ????<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Assalamu'alaikum wr.wb.<br />
Selamat pagi/siang/sore/petang/malam/dini hari/tidur (coret yang tidak perlu)<br />
<br />
Halo semua, apa kabar? *garing abis* :D<br />
<br />
Langsung aja ya, saya punya satu pertanyaan. Kalian percaya ga kalo 1 = 2?<br />
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Selama ini kan kita kalau berhitung "maju" pasti selalu dimulai dari 1, lalu 2, lalu 3, dst. Kenapa ga dimulai dari 0? Padahal kan 0 termasuk bilangan kan? Sayangnya angka 0 kalo berhitung tuh jarang disebutkan. Namun, sering juga orang-orang menghitung "mundur" contohnya dalam perlombaan yang berakhir dengan 0 seperti merayakan malam tahun baru dan lain-lain.<br />
<br />
Kenapa dari tadi saya membahas tentang menghitung dan 0? Karena nanti saya akan sedikit membicarakan bilangan 0. Juga, ingin membicarakan mengenai bilangan 1 itu berbeda atau sama dengan bilangan 2.<br />
<br />
Kalian yakin gak kalo 1 itu tidak sama dengan 2?<br />
Tapi, saya penasaran, keyakinan kalian bakal "goyah" gak yah setelah baca postingan ini? Saya akan mencoba membuktikan bahwa 1 itu sama dengan 2.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiTG8F3b76kkG6L_2XUIzbIKpbQ2qosY2_D3B9dnoU0fp9cK7ae6fe7nA-ee-xzNVJ-uC9UN7i8_G6tO2wYdgkNLFccKOlg9_PMsVUNp5VPMi61YRHfBblnhhEwT3BJRx0QXvmmOhaiz4/s1600/1=2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiTG8F3b76kkG6L_2XUIzbIKpbQ2qosY2_D3B9dnoU0fp9cK7ae6fe7nA-ee-xzNVJ-uC9UN7i8_G6tO2wYdgkNLFccKOlg9_PMsVUNp5VPMi61YRHfBblnhhEwT3BJRx0QXvmmOhaiz4/s400/1=2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sumber gambar: (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqdoeLwYSDinwwhCkqvDnhmv1a0bTG4tx8CqAWzvNtgf5RkgQ6hzzygO_8KukT4eMbLJX_apXbPIrPc2fpH9_W1HqWWENBFjvdiMBMirM5y5yNlMLBeb8qajUZAaHf2UZUNoBb62MKka0/s1600/1.gif" target="_blank">klik disini</a>), (<a href="http://djplaturn.com/wp/wordpress-content/uploads/2011/10/Equal_Sign.png" target="_blank">klik disini</a>), dan (<a href="http://musiccourt.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/2.jpg" target="_blank">klik disini</a>)<br />
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Gak percaya? Serius? Saya juga si sebenarnya, hmmm mau sedikit cerita dulu dah. Jadi waktu itu matakuliah Discrete Mathematics tentang "Proving". Disitu ada pembahasan mengenai 1 = 2, saya takjub banget lho, kok bisa ya? Betapa indahnya matematika, hehehehhe ckckckckckc. Tapi udah ya begitu aja, gak ada kelanjutannya waktu itu. Nah, beberapa minggu yang lalu, di matakuliah Abstract Algebra, dosen saya sedikit menyinggung hal yang sama, yaitu tentang 1 = 2. Pada akhirnya saya kepikiran untuk ketak-ketik tentang hal itu dan saya tuangkan deh disini.<br />
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Cukup kali ya basa basinya, sekarang kita coba mulai yuk pembuktian bahwa 1 = 2 :D<br />
<br />
<b>Langkah pertama adalah memisalkan bilangan 1 dan 2 dengan huruf yang berbeda.</b><br />
Mengapa harus berbeda? Karena pada awalnya 1 dan 2 itu berbeda, yang akan kita buktikan bahwa 1 = 2, maka saya misalkan a = b, boleh kan?<br />
Kenapa harus a dan b? Sebenernya gak harus a dan b, boleh huruf lain kok, atau simbol-simbol lain. Mau pake alfa beta, alif ba, love bunga (yang terakhir agak nyeleneh) yang penting ruas kiri dan ruas kanan disimbolkan dengan huruf/simbol yang berbeda.<br />
<b>Oke, jadi langkah pertama menghasilkan a = b</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah kedua adalah dengan mengalikan kedua ruas dengan a atau b.</b><br />
Untuk kali ini saya mau mengalikan dengan a, tapi kalo teman-teman mau mengalikannya dengan b silakan, nanti dicoba-coba sendiri ya. Di pembahasan ini, saya tidak membahas perkalian dengan b, saya hanya membahas jika kedua ruas dikali dengan a.<br />
<b>Oke, jadi langkah kedua menghasilkan a x a = b x a, atau bisa juga kita tulis a^2 = ba</b><br />
*keterangan: ^ menyatakan pangkat<br />
<br />
<b>Langkah ketiga adalah mengurangkan kedua ruas dengan b^2.</b><br />
Kenapa harus b^2? Karena jika kita ingin menuju sesuatu, maka kita harus pintar-pintar memanipulasi agar sampai ke tujuan. Istilah lainnya sih "tricky".<br />
<b>Oke, jadi langkah ketiga menghasilkan a^2 - b^2 = ba - b^2</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah keempat adalah memfaktorkan masing-masing ruas.</b><br />
Untuk ruas kiri dapat kita faktorkan menjadi (a + b) x (a - b), sedangkan untuk ruas kanan menjadi b x (a - b).<br />
<b>Oke, jadi langkah keempat menghasilkan (a + b) x (a - b) = b x (a - b).</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah kelima adalah membagi kedua ruas dengan (a - b).</b><br />
Kenapa kita bagi dengan (a - b) ? Karena kedua ruas memiliki faktor yang sama, yaitu (a - b). Jadi agar lebih sederhana, kita lakukan hal tersebut.<br />
Untuk ruas kiri, (a + b) x (a - b) / (a - b) = (a + b), sedangkan untuk ruas kanan b x (a - b) / (a - b) = b<br />
<b>Oke, jadi langkah kelima menghasilkan (a + b) = b</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah keenam adalah menyubstitusikan langkah pertama ke dalam persamaan di langkah kelima.</b><br />
Di langkah pertama kan a = b, jadi kalau disubstitusikan ke langkah kelima menjadi (b + b) = b<br />
<b>Oke, jadi langkah keenam menghasilkan 2b = b</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah terakhir adalah membagi kedua ruas dengan b. </b><br />
Kenapa harus dibagi dengan b? Langkah ini mirip dengan langkah kelima yang membagi kedua ruas dengan (a - b). Kali ini kita bagi kedua ruas dengan b karena kedua sisi sma-sama memiliki fakktor b, jadi kita bagi dengan b ya!<br />
Untuk ruas kiri, 2b / b = 2, sedangkan untuk ruas kanan b/b =1<br />
<b>Oke langkah terakhir ini menghasilkan 2 = 1</b><br />
<br />
Weeeeee ooooooo weeeee, WOW!!!! Terbukti kan????<br />
Di langkah terakhir terbukti bahwa <b>2 = 1</b>, atau kalau dibalik juga boleh,<b> 1 = 2</b>.<br />
Ckckckckckckck, gimana nih? Kalian udah goyah belum keyakinannya kalau 1 itu sama dengan 2? Hah? Hah? Hah? Goyah ga nih??? Percaya ga nih sama pembuktian secara matematis yang saya jabarkan diatas?<br />
<b>Jadi 1 = 2 itu benar kan? Hehehehhehehehe</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Ooooopppppssssss!!!!!! Postingan saya belum selesai sampai situ.<br />
<br />
Jujur ya teman-teman, saya mohon maaf kalau saya sudah membohongi kalian! :(<br />
Ya, kenapa saya bilang bahwa saya membohongi kalian?<br />
Karena sesungguhnya 1 itu ya satu, 2 itu ya 2, tidak mungkin 1 itu sama dengan 2.<br />
Allah itu hanya ada 1, bukan 2. Kalau saya bilang 1 = 2, maka Allah yang hanya ada 1 dapat berarti bahwa ada 2 Allah dong? Ga mungkin banget kan?<br />
Jadi sebenernya ada sedikit kesalahan dalam pembuktian matematis diatas.<br />
Kita kaji ulang yuk :)<br />
<br />
<b>Langkah pertama,</b> memisalkan 1 = 2 dengan a = b sebebnarnya tidak ada masalah, karena memang benar bahwa kita harus memisalkan dua bilangan yang berbeda dengan simol yang berbeda juga.<br />
<b>Jadi, langkah pertama AMAN!!</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah kedua,</b> mengalikan kedua ruas dengan a atau b (penjabaran saya diatas mengalikan dengan a) juga sebenarnya tidak ada masalah, itu hanya perkalian biasa.<br />
<b>Jadi, langkah kedua juga AMAN!!</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah ketiga,</b> mengurangkan kedua ruas dengan b^2 juga merupakan hal yang biasa, gak aneh kok karena memang kita boleh memanipulasi perhitungan asalkan tidak melanggar kesepakatan internasional. Pengurangan kedua ruas dengan b^2 adalah hal yang biasa juga.<br />
<b>Jadi, langkah ketiga juga masih AMAN!!</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah keempat,</b> memfaktorkan masing-masing ruas juga merupakan hal yang biasa.<br />
Untuk ruas kiri dapat kita faktorkan a^2 - b^2 menjadi (a + b) x (a - b) merupakan hal yang benar, dan untuk ruas kanan memfaktorkan ab - b^2 menjadi b x (a - b) juga merupakan hal yang benar.<br />
<b>Jadi langkah keempat masih tetap AMAN!!</b><br />
<br />
<b>Langkah kelima,</b> membagi kedua ruas dengan (a - b). Benar sekali bahwa agar suatu persamaan menjadi lebih sederhana, kita dapat melakukan hal tersebut.<br />
Untuk ruas kiri, (a + b) x (a - b) / (a - b) = (a + b), sedangkan untuk ruas kanan b x (a - b) / (a - b) = b.<br />
Hal tersebut tidaklah salah, namun ada sedikit <b>kejanggalan</b> di sini teman-teman.<br />
Teman-teman bisa menebak gak dimana letak kejanggalan itu?<br />
Dimana hayooooooo? Coba perhatikan lagi!<br />
<br />
Ya!!!!! Tepat banget!!!! (sok iye bgt ya? maaf yah :D)<br />
Jadi sebenarnya <b>kesalahan ada pada pembagian dengan (a - b).</b><br />
Kenapa salah ya? Kenapa ya? Kenapa tuh? Kenapa nih? Kenapa noh? Kenapa sih? Kenapa hah? Kenapa? Kenapa jadi banyak banget kenapa nya?<br />
Karena eh karena, coba teman-teman perhatikan lagi di langkah paling awal banget, ya di langkah pertama. Di situ kan tertulis bahwa<b> a = b, </b>dan langkah itu kan sah ya? Aman kan?<br />
Jadi kalau kita substitusi a = b ke pembagi di langkah kelima, itu adalah hal yang sangat dilarang, teman-teman.<br />
Coba aja kita substitusi a = b ke (a - b). Apa yang teman-teman dapatkan? Jadinya (b - b) kan? Hasilnya berapa? 0 bukan? Iya ga? Nah itu dia masalahnya.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Dilangkah kelima jika kita membagi kedua ruas dengan (a - b), maka sama saja kita membagi kedua ruas dengan 0</b>, dan dalam kesepakatan internasional pembagian dengan bilangan 0 itu sesuatu yang "haram", karena hasilnya adalah tak terdefinisi.<br />
<br />
Apa sih maksudnya tak terdefinisi? Ya artinya bilangan apapun yang dibagi dengan 0 ya tidak ada hasilnya. Analoginya sih gini. kalo ada suatu bilangan a dibagi dengan b, maka hasilnya adalah c.<br />
Contohnya, 6 / 3 = 2, nah artinya kalo 3 x 2 hasilnya <b>harus, wajib, dan kudu</b> 6 kan? Coba kalo 6 / 0 = *sesuatu*, artinya kalau *sesuatu* x 0 hasilnya<b> harus, kudu, dan wajib</b> 6, ya ga?<br />
Masalahnya adalah, ada kah bilangan *sesuatu* yang dikalikan dengan 0 hasilnya 6? Ada gak? gak ada kan? Karena bilangan berapapun kalau dikali dengan 0 ya hasilnya 0, ya ga?<br />
Nah begitu deh kira-kira alasan kenapa pembagian bilangan dengan 0 itu sesuatu yang "haram", jadi a / b = c itu hanya terjadi jika b tidak sama dengan 0.<br />
<br />
Nah balik lagi deh ke pembahsan 1 = 2. Kan tadi kita udah sampe langkah kelima saat pembagian dengan (a - b), nah ternyta sampai situ kita sudah melanggar kesepakatan internasional.<br />
Jadi <b>langkah kelima GAGAL</b> ya, teman-teman. Nah, karena langkah kelima saja sudah gagal, maka langkah-langkah berikutnya juga gagal.<br />
<br />
Hal tersebut juga berlaku untuk semua teorema-teorema yang ada di muka bumi ini lhooooooo. Jika ada sebuah teorema yang gagal, maka teroema selanjutnya yang berdasarkan pada torema gagal tersebut ya ikut gagal juga. Analoginya adalah saat kita menyusun suatu bangunan piramida atau segitiga dengan kartu remi atau kartu uno atau kartu-kartu lainnya. Kalau ada satu kartu saja goyah di bawah sebagai pondasi, maka bangunan akan hancur, seperti teorema-teorema tadi.<br />
<br />
Gimana? Jelas ga hal tentang mengapa sebuah teorema bisa gagal tadi?<br />
Kalo masih belum, coba main ke sini ya, siapa tau jadi lebih jelas :)<br />
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Nah, jadi kesimpulannya apa nih? Hehe<br />
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Kesimpulannya, karena langkah kelima gagal, maka kita juga gagal membuktikan bahwa 1 = 2, dan itu artinya 1 tidak sama dengan 2. Dengan kata lain, artinya 1 ya 1, dan 2 ya 2,<b> tidak ada itu 1 = 2.</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7lXeFkjoiTrNIo18JSVILBN3tu_JeU4YIyH4fpdNgO4Hxdv2am2vRhGlYLgAqRKN1NUEFN_zAxdiAECKp6dqtE2q_84SIFoz2JX7P-ZB8-9jsbVNVWkSFVDuDuDEObxi-HXFgBVBm1Z8/s1600/1=22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7lXeFkjoiTrNIo18JSVILBN3tu_JeU4YIyH4fpdNgO4Hxdv2am2vRhGlYLgAqRKN1NUEFN_zAxdiAECKp6dqtE2q_84SIFoz2JX7P-ZB8-9jsbVNVWkSFVDuDuDEObxi-HXFgBVBm1Z8/s400/1=22.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Segitu aja ya teman-teman, kalau ada saran dan kritik <b>yang membangun</b>, atau ingin <b>berdiskusi </b>tentang suatu hal, hubungi saya di <b>facebook </b>(<a href="http://facebook.com/ahmadapriyannto" target="_blank">klik disini</a>) atau <b>twitter </b>(<a href="http://twitter.com/apriyannto" target="_blank">klik disini</a>).<br />
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Terimakasih ya teman-teman telah meluangkan waktu untuk membaca. :D<br />
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Sampai jumpa lagi di postingan berikutnya!<br />
Wassalamu'alaikum wr.wb.</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-36110906828478094662013-03-24T17:35:00.004+07:002013-03-24T17:42:05.761+07:00One Thousand Gold Coins<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "AR CENA"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">A few days ago, I went to library for looking a
book. While searching the book I wanted to borrow, I found an interesting folk
tale book entitled “The Teacher’s Secret and other folk tales”. The book was
retold by Joyce Hannam. It consisted five stories: One Thousand Gold Coins, Fanta-Ghirò,
The Teacher’s Secreet, A Picture of Tara, Irka’s Well, and Ali’s Wife.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "AR CENA"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Today, I’m gonna share the first story; One
Thousand Gold Coins. The original story is in English, but I translated it into
Bahasa Indonesia. It’s not a problem, is it? After reading the story, let’s
have a little discussion. I can’t wait anylonger to have it.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "AR CENA"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Enjoy the reading! :D</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Seribu Keping Emas</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 61.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -6.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-width: 41.4pt; mso-element-linespan: 3; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; page-break-after: avoid; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 58.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt;">S</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uatu hari, hiduplah seorang laki-laki paruh
baya di kota Turki yang bernama Nareddin. Ia adalah pribadi yang baik, namun
tidak begitu kaya, dan istrinya tidak bahagia karena hal tersebut. “Kau selalu
berdoa kepada Tuhan setiap hari, tapi tak ada satu hal pun yan berubah. Kita
tetap miskin seperti ini!” kata istrinya. “Aku tidak mengerti kenapa kita
begini. Tuhan tidak pernah mau menolong kita. Mungkin saja Tuhan tidak menyayangi
kita!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Tentu saja Tuhan menyayangi kita,” jawab
Nasreddin. “Dia mencintai setiap makhluknya. Diamlah, istriku!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Namun istrinya tidak pernah berhenti
membicarakan masalah uang. Pada akhirnya, Nasruddin berdoa kepada Tuhan: “Tuhan,
kirimkanlah aku </span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">1000</span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="IN">keping emas. Dengan begitu, istriku akan bahagia. Tapi aku menginginkan
tepat </span></span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">1000</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
koin emas, bukan </span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">999</span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="IN">ataupun </span></span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">1001</span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="IN">koin emas.</span></span><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setiap
pagi Nasreddin berdoa kepada Tuhan mengenai kepingan-kepingan emas yang ia
harapakan. Tetangganya Ahmet, seorang kaya raya, mendengar doa Nasreddin
melalui tembok taman setiap hari. Ia tertawa dan berkata kepada istrinya: “Dengarlah!
Nasreddin berkata ia tidak ingin 999 koin. Aku tak mengerti. Setiap orang
menginginkan koin emas, dan ia sangat miskin. Aku akan melemparkannya sebanyak 999
koin melalui tembok ini ke kebunnya. Apa yang akan terjadi ya? Ayo kita lihat.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Esok paginya ketika Nasreddin memulai
berdoa, sebuah tas penuh dengan koin emas mendarat di kepalanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Nasreddin membuka
tas tersbeut dan kemudian ia tersenyum lebar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Istriku,
kemarilah.” “Lihat! Tuhan mendengarkan doa ku.” Kemudian san istri tertawa
bahagia dan bernyayi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Satu jam
kemudian, Ahmet datang ke rumah Nasreddin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Apa kabar
Nasreddin? Aku mendengar tertawaan dan nyanyian gembira dari rumah mu.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Kami sedang
berbahagia,” jawabnya Nasreddin, “karena Tuhan berbaik hati kepada kami.
Lihatlah,” lalu ia membuka tas yang ia pegang. “Aku meminta emas kepad Tuhan,
dan inilah yang Tuhan berikan.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ahmet hanya
tersenyum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Berapa banyak
kepingan emas yang ada di tas tersebut?” ia bertanya. “kau meminta 1000 keping,
bukan?. Ayo kita hitung jumlahnya.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Kenapa?” tanya
Nasreddin. “Tuhan dapat berhitung, ya kan?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tapi Ahmet tidak
mau mendengarkan Nasreddin. Ia mulai menghitung dengan hati-hati. “Kau tidak
dapat memiliki kepingan-kepingan emas ini, Nasreddin. Jumlahnya adalah 999
koin, bukan 1000.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Benarkah? Jawab Nasreddin.
“Tuhan pasti tahu tentang hal ini, dan satu koin lagi akan datang esok hari. Aku
yakin akah hal itu.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Dengar, Nasreddin!
Ini semua adalah koin-koin emasku. Aku melemparnya melalui dinding dan kau
harus mengembalikannya kepadaku.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Ooo, tidak bisa,”
jawabnya. “Kau tak mengerti, tuhan sedang menjawab doa ku melalui kau.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ahmet pun menjadi
marah. “Aku akan membawa kau ke pengadilan. Aku ingin emas-emasku kembali!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Baiklah,” jawab
Nasreddin. “Ayo kita bicarakan kepada hakim mengenai hal ini. Tetapi aku tidak
dapat pergi ke pengadilan dengan pakaian lusuh dan kotor seperti ini. Dapatkan aku
mengenakan jaketmu?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Ahmet sangat
ingin pergi ke pengadilan karena ia menginginkan emas-emasnya kembali,. Jadi ia
memberikan jaketnya kepada Nasreddin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Ayo kita pergi
sekarang,” kata Ahmet sambil berjalan keluar rumah Nasreddin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Tunggu sebentar,”
jawab Nasreddin. “Aku ini sudah tua dan pengadilan cukup jauh dari sini.
Bagaimana caranya aku berjalan ke sana?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ahmet berhenti. “Pengadilan
itu tidak terlalu jauh dari sini,” jawabnya dengan marah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Bagiku itu cukup
jauh, kaki ku tidak sanggup berjalan ke sana.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Baiklah, kau
boleh menunggangi kudaku hari ini. Tunggu.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lalu Ahmet
membawa kudanya dan diberikan kepada Nasreddin untuk ditunggangi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Sekarang kita
bisa pergi ke pengadilan, kau boleh menunggangi kudaku. Aku akan berjalan kaki,”
kata Ahmet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Istriku, jaga
baik-baik kepingan-kepingan emas ini karena cepat atau lambat Tuhan akan
mengirimkan ku satu keping emas lainnya.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kemudian
Nasreddin dan Ahmet sampi di pengadilan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ketika hakim
melihat mereka berdua, ia bertanya “Apa tujuan kalian berdua ke sini?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Karena,” jawab
Ahmet, “lelaki ini Nasreddin, memiliki 999 koin emas milikku! Ia harus
mengembalikannya kepadaku.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Benarkah
demikian?” tanya sang hakim kepada Nasreddin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Tidak benar!
Koin-koin emas tersebut adalah pemberian Tuhan karena Dia menjawab doa-doaku.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lalu Nasreddin
mendekati sang hakim dan berbisik, “Maafkan aku hakim yang mulia, tapi lelaki
miskin ini tetanggaku, dan ia tidak waras. Ia berfikir bahwa semua
barang-barangku adalah miliknya. Tanyakan saja mengenai jaket yang aku gunakan.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Apakah ini jaket
mu?” tanya hakim kepada Ahmet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Tentu saja, saya
meminjamkan kepadanya,” jawab Ahmet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Benarkan apa
yang ku bilang?” Nasreddin berbisik lagi kepada hakim. “Sekarang tanyakan
mengenai kuda ini.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Apakah ini kuda
milikmu juga?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Ya, tentu saja,”
jawab Ahmet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Oh, lelaki yang
malang. Kau tidak membutuhkan pengadilan, tapi kau butuh seorang dokter. Kau harus
meminta maaf kepada Nasreddin karena tuduhanmu, dan kau harus memberika
sekeping emas kepadanya!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lalu Ahmet
memberikan sebuah koin emas, dan Nasreddin mengambilnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Terimakasih ya
Tuhan untuk ini semua,” kata Nasreddin dengan gembira. “Sekarang aku telah
memiliki koin yang ke-1000”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Nasreddin dan
Ahmet meninggalkan pegadilan dan pulang ke rumah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kemudian
Nasreddin mengembalikan jaket, kuda, dan 1000 koin emas kepada Ahmet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Ini semua
barang-barang milikmu,” kata Nasreddin, lalu ia tersenyum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">“Namun ingatlah,
jangan pernah sekali-kali kau hadir diantara Tuhan dan seorang hamba-Nya lagi.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "AR CENA"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">So guys, what do you think after reading this story? Let's have a lil talk :)</span></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-53634534288721363142013-01-28T23:44:00.001+07:002013-01-31T01:25:57.037+07:00"Serious Management Problems: Violence and Aggression" and "A New Milestone of Teaching-Learning Model"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The last MMSEL course was the
last MMSEL course for this semester :’( . at that time we learnt two topics.
The first was about “Serious Management Problems: Violence and Aggression”
(watching the Group three’s video) and then continued by learning about “</span></b><b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A New Milestone of Teaching-Learning Model”.</span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Group three’s video </span></b><b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">showed two
kinds of bullying that exist in the school: <u>aggression</u> and <u>violence</u>.
The main roles at that video were the student who did aggression (Wia) and her
friend who did violence (Haryo).</span></b><br />
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Before I heard their explanation, here was my conclusion. I do agree if
Wia is someone who did the aggression because she really did it because of
herself. However, for Haryo who did violence, I think Group three did not
consider the background why Haryo did it. Actually, Haryo did violence because
he was the real victim of bullying. He was bullied verbally by Wirman, but
Group three did not consider Wirman as the person who did bullying. So, I think
it’s somewhat unfair. They should involve three of them as the people who did
bullying rather than just two of them.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">However, after I heard their explanation, I just understood that Wirman
was deliberate in bullying to Haryo so that Haryo did violence to Wirman. I
just understood that the violence was caused by the Wirman’s bullying. So now I
have understood the differences between Aggression and Violence.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">After learning about it, we continued to learn about “</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A New Milestone of Teaching-Learning Model”. After watching a movie-clip
about Ana Sullivan and Hellen Keller, we discussed about the masterpiece. Next,
we were divided into some groups consisted of three or four members. My group
consisted of three members. We decided to make two masterpieces.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The first masterpiece was
about a series of mathematics books called “Mathematics around Us, integrated
with software and internet”. There are 4 series:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">1)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Number (for Elementary, Secondary, and Advance)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">2)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Algebra (for Elementary, Secondary, and Advance)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">3)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Geometry and Measurement (for Elementary, Secondary, and Advance)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Probability and Statistics (for Elementary, Secondary, and Advance)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Those series of books will
be created by the masters of mathematics who graduate from SSE/USBI. The books
will be consulted with the Professors of SSE/USBI.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The second masterpiece was
about Multiple Intelligent School. This is a secondary school, so that it will
have three levels. The first level, all of the students will learn as usual by
experiencing all methods of teaching (based on eight multiples of
intelligences).</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In the second year, they should choose for intelligences that
they like most, so they will be more focus for their future. The third year,
they will choose two or three multiple intelligences so that they will be more
focus on sharping his/her intelligences.</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">For graduating from this school, they
should create something new based on intelligences that he/she interested for
the most, so it’s like creating a new product. Moreover, every semester they
should do “Praktik Kerja Lapangan (PKL)” that can sharp their skills and
intrapersonal.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">I think those masterpieces
are reachable to be executed. Like a wise word says “If you can dream it, you
can do it.” – Walt Disney.</span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-83552850462112069152013-01-28T23:43:00.007+07:002013-01-31T01:31:30.679+07:00Communicating Effectively with Parents and Intervening when Misbehaviour Occurs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">The last MMSEL course was my group presentation about “Communicating Effectively with Parents and Intervening when Misbehaviour Occurs”. It consisted some materials.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">First, it was about what does parent engagement in school mean, why it is important, and how to increase it. Parent engagement in school means parent and school work together to improve or enhance student’s development. It’s important because they can control student’s positive behaviour. Some ways to increase it is by providing activities that can meet the parents, teachers, and the students frequently.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Second, it was about “Cognitive Intervention”. There were three kinds of cognitive Intervention:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">When someone talks, s/he must be combined the spoken things with the non-verbal message. In every case, verbal and non-verbal communication can be congruent or incongruent. When that-two-thing is congruent, our listeners tend to believe us, or at least they understand what are we talking about.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">However, if that-two-thing is not congruent, our listener will doubt about what we are talking about</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">For example, if we say something about good news with smiles, it means our verbal and non-verbal communication is congruent.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">I-Message</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">I-message is a way to express our feeling, beliefs, and value to someone without blaming him/her. Thomas Gordon created this term "I message" in 1960 when he did therapy with the children. He added the concept in his book for parent, <i>PET; Parents Effectiveness Training </i>(1970).</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">For example, the use of I-Message to a student who does misbehavior is: “Hey, I’m so sad to know you did it. I always hope all of my students behave well, none exception. I also always hope you to have improvement during this lesson.” We should use word “I” rather than blaming him/her by word “you”.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Logical Consequences</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Logical consequences are not punishment. They help the students to see the effect of their actions, repair the situation, and learn to be better for the next time. There are three kinds of logical Consequences:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">a)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Take a break</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">If a student loses self-control, s/he must go to a room in the corner to get cool her/himself. This break is just in a short time, s/he may go back after re-gain his/her control.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">b)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Loss of Privilege</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">If a student misuses a material or does action out of the activity when learning, so s/he should be stopped to use that material or stopped to join the learning activity in a short period. The privilege will be restored when the student and the teacher talk in depth about the things to prevent the similar problem occurs in the next time.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">c)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">You break it, you fix it.</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">If a student breaks one thing or hurts someone’s feeling, so s/he must fix what thing that has been broken. In case of hurting someone’s feeling, s/he must do apologize, the teacher can guide the student to do it in many different ways. For example, writing the apologize-letter, or many other incredible ways.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">There are still some materials that my group had presented. If you don’t mind, you can download the presentation files (<a href="http://www.mediafire.com/file/l4vb64wq3twq272" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">click here</span></a>), and the video (<a href="http://www.4shared.com/video/8ziGmjPJ/Movie_kelompok_2.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">click here</span></a>).</span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-24909303384017118212013-01-28T23:42:00.003+07:002013-01-31T01:31:41.818+07:00Planning for Effective Classroom Management in Middle and Secondary Schools<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">The last meeting of MMSEL course, the
first group presented about their topic: “</span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Planning for
Effective Classroom Management </span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">in Middle and Secondary Schools”. They used
PPT files consisted some video which can visualize some points in the
explanation.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">First, their explanation was about “</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Five
Principles of Planning for Effective Management Classroom”, there are:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Differentiating
the instruction, assessment, and activities to the students based on the theory
of stage development</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Planning
a good instruction to have a well-managed classroom</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Organising
the classroom</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Setting
the regulations in class with the students to be implemented</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">The
first impression affects our image for a year teaching.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">I
do agree with those principles, but to make them real is not merely that easy.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> There
are some problems arise from those principles:</span></b>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
we have differentiated the instructions based on stage development theory, each
student has different stages; it means the students are various. Too much
instruction to differentiate the students will time consuming, and too little
instruction to differentiate them will not cover their needs, but to find the
greatest one it depends on the culture in that school, so we cannot generalise
it.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
we have planned a good instruction, it is often much different with the
reality. There will be the limitation over here, over there, and everywhere.
So, we should make a flexible-good-instruction. Think creative and innovative
by the limited resources.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">The
same problems arise when we organise the classroom. If we want to create a good
setting of the classroom, it is often clash with the school’s regulation.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
we set the regulation with the students, the student will often break it. For
example if the regulation is about using mobile phone in class. I think the
students who are the teenagers; it’s hard to separate them with that gadget.
So, to be strict in regulation, we also have to be a strict teacher that is
often “hated” by the students.</span></b><br />
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">The
first impression affects our next teaching. It’s not false and not true too. Based
on my experience, so many teachers were good in the first meeting but they were
boring for many times teaching. What I want to emphasise is to be flexible. We
should really know what students want and what the best for them. If we are
good in the beginning and keep using the same strategy in the next teaching,
the students can feel comfortable but they also can feel uncomfortable. Let’s
say they if feel comfortable, it’s good, but if they feel don’t we should be
flexible and creative.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Second, they talked about how to Plan an
Effective Classroom Management in Middle and Secondary School. They said that
there are four things that teacher should know:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Characteristics
of middle and secondary students</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Rules
and procedures</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Arranging
the physical environment</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Personalising
classroom</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">I
think those 4 things are similar with the previous explanation about Principles
of Planning for Effective Management Classroom, they are just similar.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
they talked about students characteristics, they re-explain about the teenagers
and about the teacher that should make creative activities.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
they talked about the rules and procedure, they re-explain about the rules, the
consistency of implementing rules, etc.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
they talked about arranging the physical environment and personalising
classroom, they re-explain about the similar thing.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">So,
I think they just added more explanation in the part B (4 things that teacher
should know how to Plan for Effective Classroom Management in Middle and
Secondary School)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Third,
they talked about Four Things that Teacher Should Notice about The Classroom in
Urban Environment:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Caring</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Clear
standard for acceptable behaviour</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">High
structure</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Effective
instruction.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Again,
I think those things are still related to the previous explanation.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
they talked about caring, their point is that the teacher should know the
characteristics of each student.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
they talked about clear standard, their point is about the regulation, and its
consistency to be implemented.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
they talked about high structure, their point is about well preparation until
the learning process happens.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">When
they talked about effective instruction, their point is about how to give a
good instruction. There are three things: clear, firm, and proactive.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">All in all, I think Group one has provided
a good explanation about Planning for Effective
Classroom Management in Middle and Secondary Schools, but they just
re-explain their materials into three parts. They just added some information
in each-next part.</span></b></div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
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<span class="post-author vcard"></span></div>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-45875282815493040132013-01-28T23:41:00.000+07:002013-01-31T01:41:58.010+07:00Independent Study<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Segoe Print';"><span style="color: blue;">Friday, 30<sup>th</sup> November 2012
MMSEL course was Independent Study. The groups like the 3<sup>rd</sup> and the
4<sup>th</sup> meeting should discuss a topic, and then make an ICT-based
presentation, upload it into the moodle, and then each student had to comment
on others group products.</span></span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Segoe Print';">My group should discuss about “</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Communicating Effectively with Parents and Intervening
when Misbehaviour Occurs”. There was no resource provided in the moodle, so we
should find the information and the material by ourselves. I think it’s good to
find the resources by ourselves rather than focus on the resources provided
because our mind was not limited, so we can determine what information that we
would present.</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="color: blue;">At that time, my group only divided
the materials to each member, so that everyone has a responsibility to master
his/her content. Next, we discussed about what ICT-based Presentation would be
use. We chose Adobe Presenter because we think it’s easy to insert voices and
videos rather than PPT. Moreover, we discussed about making a video rather than
just make a presentation.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="color: blue;">We recorded the video a week
after. At that time, some members could not come to join the discussion because
of some reasons; illness and joining another event in out of Jakarta, so only a
few of us created the video and combined the presentation.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="color: blue;">I think that’s all for the
Independent Study for that week. ckckck</span></span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-85850024138562158622013-01-28T23:40:00.000+07:002013-01-31T01:44:50.626+07:00What Skills/Knowledge that Should be Mastered by A Teacher? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Friday, 9<sup>th</sup> November 2012 I attended the fifth meeting of
MMSEL course. At that time, the class were divided into some groups consists of
three members. We discussed about what skills are should be mastered by a
teacher in conducting a lesson. Actually, I just directly thought about how
effective teacher should be that I learned in the third semester in PETA course.
I believe that the teacher has to mastered or have four kinds of knowledge.</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4287990480152212130" name="more"></a><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeTye5Lebjw8xKw9eAfWrDzqUIr8uflHwQeerb6ZC1ok17Y4sNzIQ6NZzOxPdpQCDZlskWrRhHzxfyza3evQlUDs5F_TMg-tBYxfGlfg64GsEiDMeZP5iuwqr29-EDfr8e7upZq15ZAVM/s1600/aa.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeTye5Lebjw8xKw9eAfWrDzqUIr8uflHwQeerb6ZC1ok17Y4sNzIQ6NZzOxPdpQCDZlskWrRhHzxfyza3evQlUDs5F_TMg-tBYxfGlfg64GsEiDMeZP5iuwqr29-EDfr8e7upZq15ZAVM/s320/aa.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The first, the teacher should has “<span style="background: yellow;">knowledge of content</span>”. It is the main
knowledge for us to teach the content of the subject to our students, so they
will learn and get the right information or concept from us to be applied in
their life. If we do not master the content, we can give them wrong information
or concept unconsciously, it will make them confuse and misconception and it
will bring them to the wrong way.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> They will get hard to learn the continuance of another
concept in the next chapter or topic.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">For example, in mathematics class we
will teach about the concept of limit. If we don’t master the concept of limit,
so we just give them the patterns without don’t know the step by step how to
get those patterns. We will tend to direct them to use this pattern for this
kind of problem, those patterns for that kind of problem, this one for this,
etc. However, when they face another problem, they will get confuse to solve
because they don’t know the main concept of the limit. So, they only can solve
the problems based on patterns which have given.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The second, we have to master “<span style="background: yellow;">pedagogical content knowledge</span>.” It is the
knowledge for presenting our content or topic in the appropriate ways which
understandable. So many teachers present their material in conventional way.
They only use lecturing to teach their students. We know that sometimes it is
really needed to do when we have to deliver the difficult concept. However, do
not always use the same methods in our classroom, the students will interested
to learn if we use the various methods. We can use students’ presentation,
group discussions, etc. So it requires the teachers to be very creative to
present their material or topic.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The third, as an effective teacher we
have to have “<span style="background: yellow;">general pedagogical knowledge</span>,”
such as instructional strategies, how to manage our classroom, how to deal
about the rules or agreement with our students, etc. So many teachers difficult
to manage their class, it is because they don’t master this knowledge. Many
teachers in Indonesia that background are non-education, so they did not learn
how to be a teacher but they are becoming a teacher. For example is elementary
teachers in Indonesia, most of them are non-educational or non-PGSD graduate,
but they tech so many subjects. It’s related with “knowledge of content”, they
don’t master the content and also the general pedagogical about being a
teacher.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The last is “<span style="background: yellow;">knowledge of learners and learning</span>.” It’s
about how to understand our students’ learn, their needs, their motivations,
etc. It requires our metacognitive ability, as a teachers we know that our
students have different characteristics in learning; visual learner, audio
learner, and kinaesthetic learner. We have to know how to teach the material
with the methods that cover all students. It requires our higher order thinking
to present our material to them, so it’s really related to the “pedagogical
content knowledge”. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In short, as an effective teacher <u>we
have to master four kinds of knowledge</u>. We cannot only master some of them
because all of them are interdependent. If we only master the knowledge of
content only, we will get difficulty to manage our class, present our topics
appropriately and understandable, etc. If we only master the general
pedagogical knowledge without knowledge of content, we can give a wrong concept
unconsciously to them. So, let’s learn to be an educator teacher that educates
our students, not only being a teacher who teaches the students without
understanding. <u>Believe in ourselves, and make a change for a brighter future</u>.</span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-49497901877003216832013-01-28T23:39:00.000+07:002013-01-31T01:47:12.180+07:00Today's Story<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Friday, 2th November 2012 I attended the fourth MMSEL course. The agenda
was presentation. Still in the same group, we should present our topic. The first
group presented about “The Influence of Beliefs on Motivation to Learn”, the
second group presented about “The Influence of Goal, Interest, and Emotion on
Motivation to Learn”, and the third group (my group) presented about “Climate
Variables”.</span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The thing that I remembered about each group’s way to present the topics.
The first group adapted a TV program called “Take Jomblo Out”, the second group
adapted a TV program called “Mamah Dedeh”, and my group adapted “Mas and Miss
Universe”.</span></b><br />
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I did not really enjoy watching the first and the second group presentation
because I was busy to take note. I did it because Pak Malik said that we would
have a quiz in the end of the class, so I should really pay attention and take
notes from the presentations.</span></b><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Unfortunately, the quiz was cancelled whether because of the limitation
of the time or it was just a trick. If the quiz was cancelled because of the
time, ya it’s true because we spent more than 150 minutes as usual in that
course. Moreover, at that time Pak Malik came late to the class because he
forgot that he had teach our class at that day, so we started the course at 2.30pm
instead of 2pm.</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However, if the quiz was just a trick to make the students focus on the
presentation, Pak Malik did it very well. And I will try to use this way in my
teaching to make my students focus on my lesson.</span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-42247037890992711852013-01-28T23:38:00.000+07:002013-02-03T22:17:06.515+07:00Mastery-Focused Vs. Performance-Focused Environment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Friday, 26<sup>th</sup>
October 2012 I attended the third meeting of MMSEL course. At that time the
class was divided into three groups. Each group was given a reading material
that should be discussed and then should be represented by either mind map or
pictures. The materials were about Class Structure, Self-Regulated Learners,
and Teacher Characteristics.</span></b><br />
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">In my group, I focused
on the Class Structure. The class structure was about the types of classroom
environment; mastery-focused environment (MFE) and performance-focused
environment (PFE).</span></b><br />
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mastery-focused
environment was defined as an environment build by the teacher which focuses on
mastering the content, continuous improvement, and students’ effort in learning.
In contrast, the performance-focused environment emphasizes on high grades,
public displays of ability, and students’ performances.</span></b><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There were some
characteristics for each environment. Some of them are:</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MFE is defined success if the students are mastering
the content, having effort to learn and to improve their knowledge, and the
improvement itself. Meanwhile, PFE is defined success if the students are
having high grades, doing better than others, and demonstrating a high ability.
So, I think the PFE doesn’t appreciate all students who have improved
themselves from the low level to the higher one. It only appreciates some
students who do well and “win” the others.</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MFE views the error as a part of learning, while PFE
views it as a basis of concern and anxiety. We can see directly how “angle” the
MFE is and how “evil” the PFE is. The reason is because the MFE forgives any
kind of error. When a student makes a mistake, it’s a part of improvement on
her/him, so it’s like what I have explained in point 1 and it doesn’t to be
afraid. Meanwhile, the PFE always anxious for any mistake, so individually is
asked to do better and better, forbidden to do the mistake; it’s so evil, isn’t
it?</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MFE views the ability as an incremental and alterable,
while PFE views it as an entity and fixed. It shows how MFE appreciates each
individual, and PFE doesn’t. MFE appreciates the individual’s improvement and
views the ability can be improved by learning and letting the mistake as a part
of it. Meanwhile, PFE views it as an entity and fixed mean that it doesn’t
appreciate each individual.</span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-80088217198825291352013-01-28T23:37:00.000+07:002013-01-31T01:48:58.861+07:00Maslow's Theory<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print";">Friday, 5<sup>th</sup>
October 2012 I did not join the second meeting of MMSEL because of an event.
Next, I just tried to learn the materials through the PPT file. The title was “The
Influence of Needs on Motivation to Learn”. There were three theories of needs
on motivation. The first theory was called Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the
second one was about “The Need for Self-Determination”, and the third was about
“The Need to Preserve Self-Worth. Here, I just want to focus in the first
theory, and here is what I got.</span></b><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/conation/maslow.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/conation/maslow.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">source (<a href="http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/conation/maslow.gif">click here</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first theory was
stated by Abraham Maslow. His theory says that each individual has two kinds of
needs; deficiency needs and then followed by growth need. Because of its name “hierarchy”,
so everyone is believed will pass the needs step by step. </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first needs is
separated into four needs; Psychological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, and
then Esteem. Since an individual is born to the world, he/she must be met a
psychological needs, for example food, mother’s milk, oxygen, clothes, and many
more that are related to the physical. Next, he/she must be met safety needs,
for example safety from the weather, safety from a criminality, safety from the
war, and many more so they are about protection and security for her/him.
Moreover, as the growth of her/him, s/he meets the needs of belonging and love.</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According to a statement that a human is a social creature, so an individual
needs to socialize with others. A human needs friends, love, and communication,
so it’s the expansion of the first and the second needs. Next, a human must be
met the needs of esteem. When a human grows and grows, s/he is not only need
friends or need to communicate with them, but is also need recognition from the
people surrounding; s/he needs need for status, fame, glory, recognition,
attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even dominance.</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The second need is
about Growth Need/Motivation. There are another term that is used to name this
needs; Being Needs (B-Needs) and Self-Actualization. It happens when an
individual has become an adult. It’s like maximizing the potential in his
entire life, so it can be seen by the work s/he does in mature age.</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I do agree with
Maslow because I experience the step by step on his theory, started from the
first until the last. However, I think I don’t need to wait until my mature age
to have a self-actualization need because since I grew and become an
adolescent, my life needed my self-actualization. I just defined self-actualization
as the things that should we proof or should we do when we have a plan. So it’s
like how good we are in actualizing our plans in our life and work, and it doesn’t
need to be an adult to need it.</span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-42917873328834994312013-01-28T23:36:00.000+07:002013-01-31T01:53:14.996+07:00Intrinsic Motivation Vs. Extrinsic Motivation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;">Friday, 28-09-2012 I attended the first meeting of MMSEL course. As its name –
Motivation and Management of Students for Effective Learning – I tried to
imagine how the classes would be. Thinking about motivation, I just directly
think about the theories. I was so excited to know the theories of motivation.
Yup! I was right!</span></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.planetofsuccess.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/motivation1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="289" src="http://www.planetofsuccess.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/motivation1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">source: (<a href="http://www.planetofsuccess.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/motivation1.jpg" target="_blank">click here</a>)</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4287990480152212130" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;">In the beginning of the
class I learnt about two kinds of motivation – intrinsic and extrinsic. The
master of this course – Mr. Imam Malik – made me shock about the definition of
motivation. He told that some experts believe that the real motivation is intrinsic
motivation, while the extrinsic motivation is not a part of motivation.</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;">Based
on that statement, it means that if someone has an intrinsic motivation in
doing or learning something, s/he is really love it because of his/her heart.
In contrast, if someone has an extrinsic motivation in doing or learning
something, it means s/he doesn’t start it from his/her heart, instead of
extraneous variable or others reasons.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;">Started at that time, I
just realized and flashback to myself. Many of my activities were done by
extrinsic motivation. For example, in the first semester my target for GPA was
4.00, but I failed to reach it. I was jealous to my friends who succeeded to
get 4.00. So, in the second semester I worked hard in every subject so that I
could achieve that number of GPA. </span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;">I think, my motivation to get 4.00 in
second semester was because of my jealousy to my friends, it was not because I
wanted to learn the subjects. So, I conclude that I just had an extrinsic
motivation. Another story, since I was a child, I grew with the extrinsic
motivation. My parents always said that if I could be the first rank on my
class, I would be given a present, it was kind of extrinsic motivation, wasn’t
it?</span></b><span style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'MV Boli'; font-size: 14pt;">However, not all what I
have done were because of extrinsic motivation. It’s about mathematics. I
couldn’t imagine how I love mathematics. When I was a child, I often learn
mathematics further than my friends. I mean, I often explore some material that
had not given by my teacher. Even, when I was in Junior High School, I explored
some material on the Senior High School. I just felt that mathematics is very
hard, but challenging. I did it because I really wanna be a mathematician, so I
keep exploring some chapters further than what my friends learn about in the
class. I’m really sure that it’s the part when the intrinsic motivation plays
its role in my life.</span></b></div>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-63184032396114935512012-11-23T03:13:00.000+07:002012-12-26T03:15:55.966+07:00Utilizing the Worksheet in Teaching Mathematics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
are a lot of factors which make people do not enjoy doing or learning
mathematics. One of them is the mathematics teachers’ skill in presenting
mathematics to the students. Generally, there are many teachers who still use
“direct instruction” or “lecturing” method only in teaching mathematics. Based
on Apriyanto (2012) experience and his interview to some teachers when he was
doing School Experience Program (SEP), the teachers stated that using lecturing
is the best way to teach mathematics. If we use another method, it’s just
wasting the time, while in another side there is too much material to teach, so
lecturing is the best.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ellington
(1999) stated in her book about some weaknesses of lecturing method. She
explained that one aspect of lecturing method which causes some concern is that
its effectiveness is inevitably very dependent on the teacher's skill. The
ability to organize and explain a topic does not come naturally. It needs a
long process to be successive teacher who teach using lecturing method only, or
others are fortunate person. Another disadvantage of this method is that the students
are mostly passive in the learning process, spending most of their time either
listening or writing down notes; this method is usually non-interactive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">However,
lecturing method is not mostly bad. It is better to combine the lecturing
method with another teaching method. The teacher should use multiple methods in
presenting mathematics to the students, so that the students will not get bored
and feel enjoy in learning. Still based on Apriyanto (2012) experience, he saw
that the teacher gave a piece of paper to the students, and the teacher called
it as a worksheet. According to Apriyanto’s thought, it’s not a good worksheet
because the paper only consists of routine questions, so he calls it as
exercise instead of worksheet. Apriyanto states that a good worksheet should
contain the explanation and the exemplification, so that the worksheet can
guide the students into our learning objectives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
are many studies which show the use of worksheet can increase students'
comprehension in mathematics. One of the researches has been held by Putri
(2008). She was a student of Mathematics Education in Universitas Negeri
Yogyakarta. He did the research of the use of worksheet to the 7th grade
students of Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional (RSBI) SMP Negeri 1 Bantul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According
to her study, the improvement of students' comprehension in mathematics was
indicated by three indicators; the increase of the mean score of the class, the
increase of the percentage of students' comprehension of mathematical concept,
and the successive of passing the minimum standard-score. Also, the data of the
observation shows that there was an improvement of analyzing and students'
creativity during the learning process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Talking
about the worksheet cannot be separated from the use of examples. Liz et.all
(2006) stated that examples are the main role in the development of mathematics
as a discipline and also in the teaching and learning context. Still in the
same literature, “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Examples in the
form of worked solutions to problems are key features in virtually</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">any instructional explanation, Leinhardt (2001).”
Moreover, “Examples of all kinds are one of</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">the principle devices used to illustrate and
communicate concepts between teachers</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">and learners, Bruner <i>et al. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span>1956), Tall & Vinner (1981),
Peled & Zaslavsky (1997)”. So, the existence of examples is very crucial in
mathematics classroom.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Leinhardt
(2001) in Liz et. all (2006) defines that examples are as tools for
communication and explanation. Examples are a communication device that is
fundamental to explanation and mathematical discourse. As the illustration,
Zaslavsky & Lavie (2005) in Liz et. all (2006) give example in the chapter
of function. there are three expressions of quadratic functions;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2xo-aEhLW5Py_km5iIR508MeTLnRSoAY6FFh8Bf0MKMU7EGYbyXjyaoqZ3eo8VK132T-t7Q_kv62pChHiwGGvC8GGLChSoCdYBcTNvunFHbotQPHYcGMVsl0Znne3Sf0QMkbKwk_qj4w/s1600/equations.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2xo-aEhLW5Py_km5iIR508MeTLnRSoAY6FFh8Bf0MKMU7EGYbyXjyaoqZ3eo8VK132T-t7Q_kv62pChHiwGGvC8GGLChSoCdYBcTNvunFHbotQPHYcGMVsl0Znne3Sf0QMkbKwk_qj4w/s1600/equations.JPG" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Those are three different
representation of the same function. Each of them has strength and weakness;
such as the roots, the position of the vertex and minimum value, or the
y-intercept. However, they are not likely to be obvious to the students without
some guidance on how to read or interpret each of the expression.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Moreover, it is
also not even clear that students will consider all three as acceptable example
of a quadratic function, since for example the power of two (the second example)
is less obvious in the factored form, and a quadratic like the third
expression. The teacher may choose to deal with only one of the above
representations, or s/he may use the three different representations in order
to exemplify how algebraic manipulations lead from one to another, or in order
to deal with the notion of equivalent expressions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teaching and
learning in the classroom can be assessed as effective or not by many aspects.
One of the aspects is when we are success in using worksheet in our teaching in
the classroom. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">National Centre
for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM) states that there are
some aspects when our teaching is more effective.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">First,
builds on the knowledge learners already have. This means developing formative
assessment techniques and adapting our teaching to accommodate individual
learning needs. So, by using the worksheet it is really hope can meet the
learning objective and can accommodate the students in learning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Second,
exposes and discusses common misconceptions. The learning activities should
expose current thinking, create ‘tensions’ to the students by confronting them
with inconsistencies, and allow opportunities for the solutions through
discussion. By utilizing the worksheet, we can use it as the media.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Third,
uses higher-order questions. Questioning is more effective when it promotes
explanation, application and synthesis rather than mere recall. However, before
doing that we can do the exemplification on that worksheet as for the big
picture for the students' thinking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
last, creates connections between topics. Many students often find it is
difficult to generalise and transfer their learning to other topics and
contexts. Related concepts (such as division, fraction and ratio) remain
unconnected. Effective teachers build bridges between ideas in the worksheet.
Again, the power of exemplifying is needed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I
have given a worksheet by my lecturer. I think the worksheet was very good in
guiding the students building their concept of the topic. The worksheet was
about linear equation by comparing two kinds of taxi. Let’s see on the
attachment. Honestly, I don’t know who the creator of the worksheet was, but my
lecturer said that s/he was her friend. Let’s we analyse the worksheet by some
aspect mentioned above.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In
building the knowledge of the students already have, this worksheet has started
since the beginning of the information. This worksheet gives general problem
that should be solved. Next, is exposing and discussing common misconceptions.
There are some a question given to the students that can be discussed to
overcome the misconception, which is “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taksi
mana yang lebih murah? Kenapa?</i>” This worksheet compares the same thing but
different case. By giving that question, it can be the problem to be discussed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Moreover,
this worksheet uses higher-order questions. The questions provided are getting
high-order and getting high. It hopes can stimulate and build the concept of
linear equation to the students and can guide them to the learning objectives.
Next is creating connection between topics. This worksheet really provides it,
since the object of the problem is about the transportation that is really
familiar with the students like taxi, bus, and many others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Actually,
there are no absolute aspects to assess that our teaching and learning are
effective or not. However, those some tips are good to be tried and to be done
in our teaching and learning mathematics. We can reduce the peoples’ paradigm
that mathematics is hard by presenting the mathematics in an enjoyable way. It
can be done by using a method of using worksheet in learning process; not only
a lecturing method, so that the students will not get bored of listening the
teacher’s explanation. In using the worksheet, there are some tips to make it
worthwhile as stated by the NCTEM by utilize the power of explaining and
exemplifying in the worksheet. All in all, I hope mathematics can be seen as an
enjoyable subject in people’s sight because mathematics exists in every single
part of our life. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ellington, H. (1999). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Facilitating Student Learning</i>. Malaysia:
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Putri, R. S. M.
(2008). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Upaya Peningkatan Pemahaman
Konsep Matematika Siswa Kelas V</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">II</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> R</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SBI d</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">i S</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MP</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Negeri 1 Bantul</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> m</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">elalui Penerapan Metode
Penemuan Terbimbing </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">d</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">engan Menggunakan Student
Worksheet</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. Yogyakarta: Universitas
Negeri Yogyakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Liz et. All.
(2006). Exemplification in Mathematics Education. In J. Novotna (Ed.), <i>Proceedings
of the 30th Conference of the International Group for the</i> <i>Psychology of
Mathematics Education. </i>Prague, Czech Republic: PME.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">National Centre for
Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics. Mathematics Matters: Final Report. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nottingham, United Kingdom: University of Nottingham. Retrieved from </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.ncetm.org.uk/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">www.ncetm.org.uk</span></a></span></div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-28494592217707511412012-10-29T02:47:00.000+07:002012-12-26T02:52:19.766+07:00Reflection of Reading “Examining Mathematical Discourse Practice”<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-F7o35lX_ncsbZ5EwzJ7pt-uBNxbqIUs6IV9toWYw1X_0SfmkZhxTd81WjMMSpIvx0H8_xPF46NAz6jDDuu34ciOoyP6pgCyLdDpl3G9HCHo4kmVPKAftH3dCwuN9FkopB45am94P-c0/s1600/tangram.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-F7o35lX_ncsbZ5EwzJ7pt-uBNxbqIUs6IV9toWYw1X_0SfmkZhxTd81WjMMSpIvx0H8_xPF46NAz6jDDuu34ciOoyP6pgCyLdDpl3G9HCHo4kmVPKAftH3dCwuN9FkopB45am94P-c0/s1600/tangram.JPG" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the third meeting in CLS-EE
course, we were given a reading material “Examining Mathematical Discourse
Practice” by Judit Moschkovich (<a href="http://www.4shared.com/office/l7Y-aBsa/Examining_Mathematical_Discour.html" target="_blank">download it here</a>). After reading, we should
make a short reflection about it. Here, I just wanna share my reflection after
reading it. Here it is.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This paper tells me about the
Mathematical Discourse Practice. It is started from giving the case about a
classroom situation as the example of Mathematical Discourse Practice. The
class discussed about the parallelogram and the trapezoid. The students were
asked about “is trapezoid a parallelogram?” and the students were strict to the
answer that the trapezoid is the half of parallelogram. Meanwhile, the teacher
did not want their students wrong concept; he could accept that trapezoid is
the half of parallelogram, but he wanted the students know that the trapezoid
is a parallelogram as well. So, the teacher was strict to his answer too.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">From that case and after reading
the paper, I conclude that “the definition” or “the language” can also build
the Discourse practice. The different “language” used is a part of building the
comprehension to achieve the Discourse. In the conversation or discussion, the
different “language” will guide the participants into a-more-specific
conclusion. The brain-storming can affect participants’ thought and finally the
Discourse will be reached.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Referencing
to the paper, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;">mathematical
Discourse practices vary across communities, time, settings, and purposes.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Richard (1991) says that there are four types of Discourse practice depends the
purposes:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;">Research mathematics</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;"> of the professional mathematics
and scientist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;">I
think this happens among the scientist in term of the result of their research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-RegularItalic-DTC;">Inquiry mathematics </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;">as used by mathematically literate
adults.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-RegularItalic-DTC; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I think this happens among the adult himself. He
builds the discourse by using the literature provided.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-RegularItalic-DTC;">Journal mathematics</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;">, emphasizing formal communication,
is the language of mathematical publications and papers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-RegularItalic-DTC; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I think this is similar with the previous one, but
I still don’t know the different.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-RegularItalic-DTC;">School mathematics</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;">, being the practices typical in
the traditional mathematics classroom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-RegularItalic-DTC; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I think this happen in the classroom as well in
teaching and learning process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: NewsSerif-Regular-DTC;">All in all, I conclude that the
Discourse practice is not only happens in the classroom as my first thought,
but it happens in another part of life. Also, it is not only happening when we deal
with people, but also when we deal with the dead-thing such as paper, journal,
and etc.</span></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-61255892969966109392012-10-22T02:57:00.000+07:002012-12-26T03:03:36.954+07:00How I Choose and Use Examples for Teaching Mathematics in the Classroom<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This semester, I did my School Experience Program (SEP) in SMA Labschool
Kebayoran. The objective of SEP for this semester was experiencing the teaching
for at least four times alone by myself (not for peer-teaching any longer).
Moreover, the course embedded to this program was Project Based Learning in
Mathematics Instruction (PjBLMI), so I should apply the PjBL in my teachings.</span></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The topic assigned by my master teacher was Trigonometry, so the PjBL
should relate to it. I chose to apply the PjBL in my third teaching. At that
time, the sub-topic was graphing the trigonometric function. I designed the
project worksheet and introduced the basic graph of Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
on the worksheet. I gave them blank table for Sine, Cosine, and Tangent, so
they could fill the blank table with the angles and the value of the function.
Look at this table!</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">...˚</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">y= sin(x)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.05pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">y= cos(x)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.05pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">y= tan(x)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.05pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For
example if they wrote 30˚, so they would write ½ for the sin(x), ½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">V3 </span>for cos(x), and </span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">V3/3 for tan(x). Moreover, I asked them to plot the (x ,
y) in the Cartesian coordinate provided, and connect the points to make a
graph.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I chose the basic function of sin(x), cos(x), and tan(x) because I
wanted them to feel familiar with the graph of trigonometric function and I also
to differentiate each graph. So, if they had understood to distinguish each
kind of trigonometric graph, they could guess the given graphs of function when
they face the test.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After they were given the basic graph of trigonometric function, I
guided them to make another graph of function, such as 2sin(x), sin(x)+2,
-sin(2x), ½.cos(x), cos(x)–2, -cos(½.x), tan(2x), and 2tan(x). The purpose of
this is the students can distinguish the graph if the function is multiplied by
any constant, if the angle of the function is multiplied by any constant, and
if the function is added by any constant.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When I gave them the examples (the basic function of the trigonometric
function) they just reacted as usual. They just found that the graph of sine
and cosine are somewhat similar, while the graph of tangent is different and is
quite hard to graph. However, after they graph another function, they found
that it was easy to graph another function if they were familiar with the basic
function. Next, I asked them to conclude about graphing the general function of
y = a.sin(bx)+c, y = a.cos(bx)+c, and y = a.tan(x)+c. So, I felt that I was
success to guide them in graphing the trigonometric function and
differentiating each kind of them.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MV Boli"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If I teach the same lesson again, I will not change my examples because
I think that giving the basic function is the most appropriate lesson to be
given to the students. After we give the basic, we can manipulate the function
(in this case is trigonometric function) by multiplying it with any constant,
and then we can manipulate it by multiplying the angles by any constant, also
we can manipulate it by adding with any constant. In the end of the lesson, we
can guide them to conclude about the most general form of the function, and
then graph it, and then differentiate each kind of them. All in all, I decided
to use the same examples if I am assigned to teach the same lesson again.</span></b></div>
</div>
Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-74436851385315813472012-10-02T03:21:00.000+07:002012-12-26T03:39:45.667+07:00Style and Skills in using Project Based Learning (Gaya dan Keterampilan dalam Menggunakan Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Style and Skills in using Project Based Learning</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Keywords: Style and Skills</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">Style</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">In using Project Based
Learning, as a teacher who chooses to use it in the classroom, the teacher
could be the leader or the manager. As the leader, the main job is facilitating
the students. For example, the teacher provides the tools needed, time for
consultation, and also the big picture of what will be discussed in the
classroom. Meanwhile, as the manager, the main job is more in handling and
controlling the students; it is like how far the students’ progress. The
teacher likes to supervise his students and guide them to reach the goal of the
lesson.</span></span></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">However, a great
teacher is someone who can maintain both roles when using the Project Based
Learning. So, the teacher is not only well-developed towards his/her Project
Based Learning, but also controlling the process of his/her design.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">Skills</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Using Project Based
Learning in the classroom is not really easy. The teacher needs to have some skills,
and those skills are not merely easy to be developed. There are four major
skills in using Project Based Learning:</span></span></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Communication</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Communication is the
most important thing in delivering the materials and giving order to the students.
If the teacher delivers the materials with wrong communication, then the
students won't understand it. Moreover, having a bad communication skill causes
the failure of reaching our goals in doing the project.</span></span></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b></span><span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Open minded</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">In Project Based Learning,
teachers have to open their mind to improve their skills in designing the
project for the students.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b></span><span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Aware</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">In the process of the project,
the teacher needs to be aware because the students need to be guided and to be
controlled by the teacher.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Creative</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.0pt;">
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Learning because the more creative of the activities, the more the students
will like it.</span></span></div>
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</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gaya dan Keterampilan dalam Menggunakan</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="CharAttribute0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kata kunci: Gaya dan Keterampilan</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ParaAttribute0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span class="CharAttribute0"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">Gaya</span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dalam menggunakan Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek, sebgai
seorang guru yang telah memilih untuk menggunakan model pembelajaran ini di
dalam kelas, ia dapat berperan sebagai seorang pemimpin atau pengelola. Sebagai
seorang pemimpin, tugas utamanya adalah menfasilitasi para siswa. Sebagai
contoh, guru menyiapkan peralatan-peralatan yang dibutuhkan yang dibutuhkan,
waktu untuk berkonsultasi, dan juga gambaran besar tentang apa yang akan
didiskusikan di dalam kelas. Sedangkan, sebagai seorang pengelola, tugas
utamanya adalah lebih dalam menangani dan mengontrol pekerjaan para siswa; hal
tersebut seperti sejauh mana perkembangan tugas yang dilakukan para siswa. Guru
harus terus mengawasi para siswa dan membimbing mereka untuk mencapai tujuan
pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Namun, seorang guru yang baik adalah seorang guru yang dapat
menjalani kedua gaya tersebut ketika menggunakan Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek.
Sehingga, guru tidak hanya baik dalam mengembangkan pembelajaran dan projek
nya, tetapi juga dapat mengontrol proses yang telah ia rencanakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Menggunakan Pembelajaran Berbasis Projek di dalam kelas
bukanlah hal yang mudah. Guru perlu memiliki beberapa keterampilan, dan
keterampilan-keterampilan tersebut tidak begitu mudahnya untuk dikembangkan.
Ada empat keterampilan utama dalam menerapkan Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Komunikasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Komunikasi
adalah faktor yang paling penting dalam menyampaikan materi dan member
instruksi kepada siswa. Jika guru menyampaikan materi dengan komunikasi yang salah,
maka siswa tidak akan mengerti tentang penjelasan atau instruksi yang diberikan.
Kemudian, memiliki kemampuan komunikasi yang buruk dapat menyebabkan kegagalan
dalam mencapai tujuan-tujuan dalam melakukan proyek tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pikiran yang terbuka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dalam Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek, guru perlu membuka
wawasan agar dapat meningkatkan kemampuan dalam merancang proyek yang diberikan
kepada siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kesadaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MV Boli"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dalam proses
pembuatan proyek, guru harus sadar karena para siswa butuh untuk dibimbing dan
dikontrol oleh sang guru.</span></div>
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kreatif dalam merancang Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek karena semakin kreatif
seorang guru, semakin banyak siswa yang tertarik dan bersemangat melakukan
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-87329010318958169362012-10-01T02:30:00.000+07:002012-12-26T02:51:04.155+07:00Starting CLS-EE Course<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSzc5gO8iJW0aDE6WKaaTBeOfkmKDxIDMYJZNE4f8Ph7q2aL84k" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSzc5gO8iJW0aDE6WKaaTBeOfkmKDxIDMYJZNE4f8Ph7q2aL84k" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">source: (<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSzc5gO8iJW0aDE6WKaaTBeOfkmKDxIDMYJZNE4f8Ph7q2aL84k" target="_blank">click here</a>)</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In this-fifth-semester, I have a pedagogical course which is
called "Classroom Language Strategies: Explaining and Exemplifying"
or we make it short CLS-EE Course. I guess, this course will explore much more
on how do we explain and exemplify in the mathematical classroom with many
strategies. In the beginning of this course, all of the students should answer
three questions. Here, I just wanna share my answers.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">Is
the mathematics teacher’s ability in explaining & exemplifying really
important? Why? Aren’t there other ways of teaching & learning mathematics?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yes, it is. The mathematics teacher’s ability
in explaining and exemplifying is really important because the students will
get confuse or will get nothing in learning mathematics if the teacher does not
give the explanations and the examples properly. Also, if the teacher does not
have a good ability in explaining and exemplifying, the worst thing that
happens is the students are wrong in understanding the concept. If the teacher
gives wrong explanation or chooses the wrong example, the student may be
confused. Moreover, if they have a wrong concept, it will affect to their
learning in the future. There are so many ways in teaching and learning
mathematics; by playing games, using software, doing role plays, and etc.
However, the part of explaining and exemplifying exist in every way of teaching
and learning mathematics; explaining and exemplifying cannot be separated from
the teaching and learning mathematics.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">If
it is, when should teachers give explanations & examples? When should
teachers stop giving explanations & examples? When does a teacher know when
his/her explanations & examples are too much or too little?</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The teachers
should give explanations and examples when he/she wants to teach the basic
concepts of mathematics. The explanation and examples are not necessarily given
in the beginning of the lesson; it can be done in the end of the lesson. I
meant in introducing a new concept, we can give problems to the students to
solve in the beginning of the lesson. After that, we guide them to find the
concept by their thought; we let them build their mind by themselves. Next, we
can sum up or give the conclusion from students’ thought and give another
example in the end of the lesson to make sure that they are in the right way in
having the true concept. However, we may not give the explanations and examples
too much because it doesn’t sharp students’ critical thinking; it is just like
filling students’ thought by our thought. We can stop giving explanations and
examples when the students seem understand the topic. We can ask the
low-achiever-student to make sure that he/she understands the topic. I think, if
they have understood the topic, it means the whole class has understood too and
we can stop giving explanations and examples. When we give too much explanation
and example, it can cause the students feel bore, so we should stop in giving
explanations and examples. Meanwhile, if students’ expression shows that they
have not understood yet, it means we should give more explanation and examples;
may be our explanations and examples are too short.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 14.1pt 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; line-height: 150%;">What
is the main goal of teaching mathematics? Can the teacher’s ability to explain
& exemplify help reach that goal? How?</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The main goals
of teaching mathematics understand the concept of mathematics itself and then
apply it in daily life. The teachers’ ability in explaining and exemplifying
are a part of the success in reaching the goals themselves. If the teacher
gives a clear explanation and chooses the proper examples, the students will
understand the concept clearly and it is helped by understanding the proper
examples, so that the students can apply it in daily life.</span></div>
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Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4287990480152212130.post-51460522989041271462012-07-22T22:50:00.000+07:002013-02-05T23:46:57.458+07:00Bukan Hanya Mengajar, namun Juga Belajar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">oleh: <b>Ahmad Apriyanto</b></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Minggu, 22 Juli 2012</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Setuju kah
anda bahwa pekerjaan seorang guru adalah mengajar di kelas? Namun itu hanya
salah satu pekerjaannya bukan? Bagaimana dengan belajar? Pastinya seorang guru
juga harus tetap belajar agar kualitas materi yang ia sampaikan kepada para
siswa tetap <i>up-to-date</i>. Juga, untuk menjawab tantangan-tantangan yang
ada di dunia pendidikan dalam Era Globalisasi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">seperti sekarang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">ini. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai seorang calon Sarjana
Pendidikan, saya memiliki beberapa pengalaman dalam mengajar dan belajar. Diawali
saat saya dimintai tolong untuk mengajar teman
sebaya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> menggantikan mengajar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">guru SMA saya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> yang izin selama sebulan, dimintai tolong mengajar
anak tetangga, coba-coba untuk bergabung dalam sebuah lembaga Les Privat,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> hingga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> mengikuti program <i>teaching experience </i> yang diwajibkan oleh pihak kampus, dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> masih banyak lagi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengalaman untuk mengajar teman
sebaya telah saya rasakan sejak SD hingga saat ini – kuliah tingkat tiga
universitas. Sejak SD saya senang sekali belajar kelompok karena selain belajar
saya juga bisa bercanda, tertawa, sehingga membuat suasana menjadi tidak sepi
dan senyap (walaupun terkadang saya suka untuk belajar sendirian di tempat yang
sepi dan senyap). Hingga saya duduk di SMP, kebiasaan belajar kelompok pun
tetap saya lakukan. Teman-teman menganggap saya sebagai salah satu sumber
belajar karena mereka menilai saya sebagai siswa yang mau berbagi ilmu
pengetahuan dengan siapapun.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Mendekati masa-masa Ujian Nasional
SMP, pihak sekolah memiliki program yang disebut “tutor sebaya”. Program
tersebut sama saja dengan belajar kelompok, namun lebih intensif selama satu
bulan. Terlebih, kelompok belajar ini terdiri dari siswa siswi yang berbeda
kelas, sehingga rasa kebersamaan sangatlah dijunjung tinggi. Saya terpilih
sebagai tutor. Betapa “berat” rasa tanggung jawab yang saya emban, dimana saya
harus menyiapkan diri untuk UN dan juga membantu teman-teman agar lebih siap
menuju UN. Pelajaran yang dapat saya ambil adalah bertanggung jawab atas orang
lain. Kapan pun mereka membutuhkan saya, saya harus siap untuk berada disamping
mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemudian, pengalaman mengajar saya
berlanjut di SMA. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pertama kali saya merasakan menjadi seorang “guru kelas” adalah ketika
saya dan beberapa teman harus menggantikan guru matematika. Beliau izin selama
sebulan, lalu memberikan kepercayaan kepada kami bertiga untuk menggantikannya
mengajar dua materi sekaligus; Matriks dan Program Linear.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> Saat itu, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">beliau mengajar lima kelas parallel</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">. D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">engan demikian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> tiap kelas
terdapat perwakilan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">yang terdiri </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">dari dua sampai tiga orang
murid </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> menggantikan beliau untuk
mengajar.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebelum
beliau berangkat, kami semua berkumpul untuk mendiskusikan berbagai hal. Beliau
berpesan kepada kami semua (perwakilan lima kelas) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> berkoordinasi dalam memberikan materi agar kelima
kelas mendapatkan pengajaran yang seimbang. Dalam menyiapkan materi,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> kami semua sepakat membuat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">timeline</i> ; untuk pertemuan ke-sekian belajar ini, pertemuan
ke-sekian belajar itu. Sedangkan, untuk soal ulangan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">kami semua berkesepakatan bahwa
sebaiknya soal-soal yang dibuat kelas A harus di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">tukar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> ke kelas B, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">soal kelas B ditukar ke kelas C,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">sebagainya.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Hanya dengan bermodalkan belajar sendiri, tanpa mengerti teknik mengajar, <i>classroom
management</i>, <i>lesson plan, </i>dan<i> assessment</i>, saya dan rekan-rekan
dengan penuh percaya diri menjalankan tugas mengajar dan memberikan soal-soal
ulangan dan kuis kepada teman-teman. Permasalahan
yang saya hadapi saat itu adalah mengenai <i>assessment</i>. Ketika saya harus
membuat soal-soal ulangan untuk kelas lain, sedangkan saya tidak tahu seberapa
dalam konten yang diberikan oleh perwakilan kelas tersebut dalam mengajar.
Akhirnya saya mendapatkan penjelasan mengenai konten yang diajarkan oleh
perwakilan pengajar kelas tersebut, dan dengan keyakinan tinggi saya membuat
soal-soal untuk kelas tersebut.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Sangat disayangkan, beberapa kritikan
berdatangan mengenai soal yang saya buat. Ada yang bilang soalnya simple, tapi
muter-muter, dan masih banyak lagi. Namun, dengan mengingat kemampuan pribadi, saya terima kritikan-kritikan tersebut dengan kepala dingin. Dengan demikian beberapa hal itulah yang menjadi
pelajaran pertama untuk saya, lebih pertimbangkan materi dan soal untuk <i>assessment,
</i>sehingga tujuan dari pengajaran dapat terukur dari <i>assessment</i> yang
dibuat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengalaman
mengajar berikutnya adalah ketika saya diminta untuk menjadi guru les privat
tetangga saya yang masih duduk dibangku SD. Sedikit berbeda dengan mengajar di
sekolah dengan jumlah murid 40 siswa, mengajar les privat hanya seorang siswa.
Tidak dibutuhkan keahlian dalam <i>classroom management, </i>tetapi sangat
dibutuhkan kreativitasan agar seorang siswa tersebut tetap fokus pada
pembelajaran yang dilakukan. Siswa saya tersebut kelas IV SD, sama seperti
kebanyakan anak SD lain, ia sangat suka bercerita. Pembelajaran menjadi sulit
ketika ia terus saja bercerita hal-hal yang menurutnya menakjubkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Suatu ketika,
ia menceritakan bahwa suatu malam ia melihat bulan berbentuk bulat. Namun ia
terheran-heran ketika suatu malam yang lain ia melihat bulan hanya setengah,
bahkan ia pernah melihat bulan yang hanya terlihat seperti kue salju yang
banyak dijumpai saat lebaran (yang ia maksud bulan sabit). Lalu dengan antusias
ia menanyakan hal tersebut kepada saya. Saya terdiam sejenak, akhirnya saya
coba menjelaskan dengan bahasa yang sederhana bahwa bulan berotasi, bumi
berotasi, namun sepertinya ia hanya geleng-geleng kepala. Saya sempat
kebingungan bagaimana menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Akhirnya saya hanya
menjanjikan ia untuk menjawab keheranan yang ia rasakan pada pertemuan
berikutnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Saya mencoba
untuk mengakses situs yang menyediakan berjuta-juta video, dan saya pilih
beberapa video yang menurut saya mudah dipahami. Lalu saya siapkan senter dan
beberapa bola kecil untuk melakukan simulasi rotasi dan revolusi benda-benda
langit. Dengan keyakinan tinggi, dipertemuan berikutnya saya mengajaknya
menonton video-video yang telah saya unduh, dan melakukan simulasi-simulasi
seperti yang sudah saya rancang. Terbersit rasa puas dalam hati saya ketika
melihat reaksi positif yang diperlihatkan oleh murid saya ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebelumnya
saya sempat bertanya-tanya mengenai hal yang saya lakukan ini merupakan
tindakan yang tepat atau tidak. Sebagai seorang guru les privat, bukankah tugas
saya melakukan review pengajaran terhadap materi-materi yang telah ia dapatkan disekolah
dan menyiapkan materi-materi yang akan ia pelajari esok hari? Apakah mengajak
ia menonton video dan melakukan simulasi merupakan tindakan yang tepat,
mengingat bahwa materi Tata Surya belum ia dapatkan saat itu? Setelah
memikirkan lebih dalam, ternyata hal yang dapat saya pelajari adalah bahwa
pembelajaran (baik dikelas ataupun les privat) tidak berarti harus terpaku
dengan buku paket dan LKS. Pembelajaran haruslah memenuhi kebutuhan siswa, baik
pembelajaran tersebut akan terdapat di ujian atau tidak. Yang penting rasa
ingin tahu siswa terjawab, tapi tentu saja harus diimbangi dengan materi-materi
yang wajib ia pelajari sesuai dengan pembelajaran guru di kelas.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengalaman
mengajar saya berikutnya adalah saat saya mencoba bergabung dengan sebuah lembaga
Les Privat. Pada awalnya saya hanya berniat menggantikan teman saya mengajar
karena ia berhalangan hadir, namun untuk menggantikannya saya harus tergabung
dalam lembaga tersebut. Setelah proses administrasi selesai, saya menuju rumah
murid baru saya, sebuah kawasan yang cukup berkelas. Ternyata ia bersekolah di
salah satu sekolah internasional, sehingga pembelajaran matematika menggunakan
Bahasa Inggris. Rasa syukur terucap dalah hati karena saya mengenyam pendidikan
di Sampoerna School of Education, sehingga pembelajaran matematika dalam Bahasa
Inggris tidak menjadikan hambatan saya untuk melanjutkan pembelajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada awalnya,
si anak cuek terhadap saya, seakan tidak mengharapkan kedatangan saya. Lalu ia
melanjutkan tugas Geografi, setelah saya periksa ternyata hasilnya lumayan
baik, pemahamannya dalam matapelajaran tersebut baik-baik saja. Ia dipaksa
belajar matematika oleh kakanya, akhirnya ia membuka buku paketnya dan
menunjukkan materi terkahir yang ia dapatkan di kelas. Lalu saya tanyakan mengenai
tugas matematika yang ia dapatkan di sekolah, ternyata tidak ada. Lalu akhirnya
saya putuskan untuk mereview materi-materi yang ada.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Setelah
review dan latihan selama kurang lebih tiga puluh menit, ia terlihat bosan.
Saya coba tanyakan bagaimana sistem belajar yang ia lakukan dengan teman saya,
ternyata ia menyukai belajar matematika sambil bermain. Saya berfikir sejenak,
bagaimana caranya belajar tentang Diagram Venn sambil bermain, tiba-tiba saya
teringat akan sebuah <i>software</i> yang digunakan dalam perkuliahan saya di
salah satu matakuliah. <i>Software</i> tersebut bernama <i>National Library
Virtual Manipulatives (NLVM)</i>, di dalamnya terdapat salah satu bagian yang
dapat berfungsi untuk belajar Diagram Venn. Akhirnya saya mengajak si anak
untuk belajar bersama dengan menggunakan <i>software </i>tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Dari raut
wajah yang ia pancarkan, saya optimis bahwa si anak tertarik untuk belajar
matematika menggunakan <i>offline-game</i> <i>NLVM</i>. Dengan demikian hal
yang saya pelajari dari mengajar privat ini adalah bagaimana berfikir kreatif
dalam mengajarkan matematika kepada murid. Tidak hanya dengan metode ceramah
dan <i>drilling</i> soal saja, dengan <i>offline-game</i> ternyata pembelajaran
dapat tetap terlaksana. Faktor keberuntungan dengan memiliki <i>NLVM</i>
jelas terlihat dalam situasi diatas, namun pembelajaran lain yang dapat saya
ambil adalah bagaimana menciptakan atau menyediakan media pembelajaran untuk
melakukan pengajaran, sehingga bagaimanapun kondisi saat kita akan mengajar,
kita akan tetap bisa mengakali pembelajaran tersebut agar berjalan dengan
lancar dan mencapai sasaran seperti yang kita inginkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Kisah lain
mengenai pengajaran yang saya alami adalah ketika mengikuti program khusus yang
disiapkan oleh pihak kampus untuk mahasiswa semenjak semester 1. Program
tersebut adalah <i>School Experience Program (SEP)</i>, namun mulai sejak
semester 3, mahasiswa diwajibkan untuk mengajar. Dengan menjadi asisten guru,
maka mahasiswa diwajibkan mengajar di kelas dengan waktu minimal 2 x 20 menit.
Kewajiban mengajar 2 x 20 menit ini sesungguhnya sedikit berbeda dengan fakta
di lapangan (ruang kelas). Biasanya guru yang kita asistensikan memberikan
waktu mengajar full 2 x 45 menit sebagai pembelajaran kita. Namun keputusan
kembali berada di pihak mahasiswa, berani untuk mengambil kesempatan mengajar 2
x 45 menit atau hanya terpaku pada surat perintah untuk mengajar 2 x 20 menit.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengalaman
pertama mengajar di <i>SEP</i> saya adalah di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri di
Jakarta Timur yang termasuk sebagai kategori Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf
Internasional (RSBI). Dengan demikian, pengajaran matematika di ruang kelas
lebih banyak menggunakan Bahasa Inggris. Pengalaman mengajar saya kali ini
terasa seperti kolaborasi antara pengalaman mengajar saya saat SMA dengan
pengalaman mengajar saya saat bergabung di sebuah lembaga Les Privat. Saya
harus mengajar satu runag kelas dengan lebih dari 30 siswa, dan menggunakan
Bahasa Inggris, sehingga tantangan yang harus saya hadapi lebih sulit.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai calon
pendidik, saya harus dapat mengimplementasikan pengetahuan-pengetahuan yang
telah saya dapatkan di perkuliahan, seperti menyiapkan <i>lesson plan</i>, <i>classroom
management</i>, penentuan <i>assessment</i>, dan lain-lain. Dimulai dengan
penyiapan <i>lesson plan </i>dan <i>assessment</i>, saya harus terus
bekonsulasi dengan guru pamong yang saya asistensikan. Setelah kedua hal
tersebut saya lalui, kini tinggal <i>real action</i> yang harus saya lakukan
sesuai dengan rencana pembelajaran saya di <i>lesson plan</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembelajaran
berjalan dengan cukup baik, namun permasalahan yang saya hadapi ternyata
pengorganisasian waktu yang kurang baik. <i>Management </i>waktu yang saya
miliki masih sangat kurang, sehingga ada beberapa kegiatan yang tidak sesuai
dengan <i>lesson plan</i>. Hal inilah yang menjadi <i>concern </i>saya untuk
kedepannya, bagaimana mengatur waktu di setip kegiatan agar tetap efektif dan
efisien, sehingga untuk melakuakan <i>teaching experience</i> berikutnya saya
dapat lebih baik dalam mengorganisasikan waktu yang tersedia.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Itulah
beberapa pengalaman saya dalam mengajar. Setelah melakukan banyak refleski dari
setiap pengajaran yang saya lakuakan, saya mendapatai bahwa disetiap
pengajaran, pasti ada suatu pembelajaran yang saya lakukan. Hal tersebut
membuat saya bertanya-tanya dalam hati, pantaskah saya menyebut diri saya
“mengajar”? Saya berkeyakinan bahwa “mengajar” adalah menyampaikan
materi-materi ajar dengan tujuan agar siswa belajar dengan baik. Sadar akan
segala kekurangan saya selama mengajar, sehingga saya memutuskan dalam hidup
saya untuk mengganti istilah “mengajar” dengan kata “belajar”. Sesungguhnya,
sebelum saya mengajar, hal pertama yang saya lakukan adalah belajar, yaitu
mempelajari kembali materi-materi yang akan saya sampaikan kepada siswa. Dengan
demikian mengajar adalah proses belajar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> itu sendiri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">, sehingga menurut saya cukup tepat ketika saya
menggati istilah “mengajar” menjadi “belajar”</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">Selain itu
saya juga memutuskan untuk mengganti istilah “murid” atau “siswa” dengan “teman
belajar” karena proses belajar yang saya lakukan saat mengajar ditemani oleh
teman-teman belajar (yang sebelumnya saya sebut sebagai murid). Kembali sadar
akan kekurangan yang saya miliki, terasa lebih tepat ketika dalam hidup saya,
saya mengganti kalimat “saya akan mengajar murid SD” menjadi “saya akan belajar
bersama teman belajar saya yang masih SD”. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dengan
demikian, saya bukan hanya mengajar, </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">namun</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> belajar. Saya tidak mengajar murid, </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;">namun</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"> saya belajar bersama teman
belajar.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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</div>Ahmad Apriyantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16577464027557216088noreply@blogger.com